TOPIC: BUCKLING TEST

SUBJECT: DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

TEAM MEMBERS
CRUZ AGUILAR FILIBERTO DE JESÚS
HERNANDEZ CARRILLO JESUS IVÀN
MARTINEZ HERNANDEZ PEDRO LEONARDO
SANTIAGO MARTÍNEZ DIANA LETICIA

DEGREE AND GROUP: 8 A

INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE
ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION

Buckling occurs when column has a tendency to deflect laterally, out of the
line of action of the force. Once buckling initiates, the instability can lead to
failure of the column, because the eccentric force acts as a moment causing
greater stresses and deflections due to the combination of the bending and
axial forces.
 APLLICATION
If a sample of great length and little section is subjected to a compressive
stress in the direction of its axis, it will not crush if it does not bend laterally.
This lateral flexion is buckling.
Buckling plays an important role in almost every field of technology.
Examples of this are:
• Columns and supports in construction and steel engineering
• Stop rods for valve actuation and connecting rods in motor construction
• Piston rods for hydraulic cylinders
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• What is the buckling test?

Buckling is a phenomenon called elastic instability that can occur in slender
compressed elements. The phenomenon appears mainly in pillars and
columns, and results in the appearance of additional flexion in the pillar
when it is subjected to the action of axial forces of some importance.
Buckling is a mode of failure that does not depend on stress or strength, but
rather on structural stiffness.
 STANDARDS

Inelastic Buckling of ASTM Standard E 9 Compression Specimens

Accordance with the standard ASTM E 9 on compression testing of metallic
materials a room temperature. The recommended round specimen sizes will
buckle inelastically for all non- brittle metals, but ASTM E 9 refers only to
Euler elastic buckling. An inelastic buckling relation based upon the tangent
modulus is given, and methods of calculating the inelastic buckling stress
are demonstrated.
 PROCESS

1. Set up the test device in vertical or horizontal position.

2. Insert thrust piece with V notch into attachment socket and fasten with
clamping screw.
3. Insert long thrust piece with V notch into the guide bush of the load cross-
bar and hold it firmly.
4. Insert the S2 rod specimen with edges in the V notch.
5. The load cross-bar must be clamped on the guide column in such a
manner that there is still approx. 5 mm for the top thrust piece to move.
6. Align the rod specimen in such a manner that its buckling direction points
in the direction of the lateral guide columns.
7. Pretighten the rod specimen with low, non-measurable force.
8. Align the measuring gauge to the middle of the rod specimen using the
support clamps. The measuring gauge must be set at a right angle to the
direction of buckling.
9. Pretighten the measuring gauge to 10-mm deflection with the adjustable
support.
10. Slowly subject the rod specimen load using the load nut.
11. Read the deflection from the measuring gauge. Read and record the
deflection every 0.25-mm up to 1 mm.
12. Above 1-mm deflection, it suffices to record the deflection and force
every 0.5-mm.
13. The test can be concluded when the force does not change, despite an
increasing load (in the case of rod specimen S2 this as at approx. 4 mm).
14. Slowly remove the tension from the rod specimen.
 EXAMPLE
APPARATUS
• Specimen holders.
• Deformation measurement.
• Lateral load device with weight.
PROCEDURE
1. The device was set up in vertical position.
2. The thrust piece with V notch into attachment socket and fasten with
clamping screw was inserted.
3. Long thrust piece with V notch into the guide bush of load cross-bar was
inserted and was been hold firmly.
4. The S2 rod specimen with edges in the v notch was inserted.
5. The load cross-bar was clamped on the guide column in such a manner that
there was still approximately 5mm for the top thrust piece to move.
6. The rod specimen was aligned in such a manner that it’s buckling direction
points in the direction of the lateral guide columns.
7. The rod specimen with low, non-measurable force was retightening.
8. The measuring gauge was aligned to the middle of the rod specimen using
the supporting clamps. The measuring gauge was set at a right angle to the
direction of buckling.
9. The measuring gauge was pretighten to 10mm deflection with the
adjustable support.
10. The rod specimen load was slowly subjected using the load nut.
11. The deflection was recorded from the measuring gauge. The deflection
was read and recorded at every 0.25mm up to 1mm.
Results
 ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION CRITERIA

In order to perform this test correctly in the case of slender bars, we must
bear in mind that if the force applied on a "perfect" bar follows the exact
direction of the locus of the centers of gravity of the section, buckling will not
occur. But in the real conditions in which the system acts there may be one
or more of the following causes that determine buckling, such as:
•Irregularities in the form.
•Irregularities in the structure.
•Eccentricity of the load with respect to the geometric centroid.
• Small axis bending.
 REQUIREMENTS, SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
AND/OR CONDITIONS TO PERFORM THE TEST
• Safety
- The load cross arm can drop of the clamping screws are loosened.
- A drop could damage parts of the testing machine located underneath the
cross arm.
- Carefully support the cross arm by hand when loosening the clamping
screws
- Before removing a rod specimen make sure that the clamping screws are
tightened securely.
-The hazards mentioned do not apply when the test device is set up
horizontally
- Caution when working with brittle materials.
- The rod specimen could breaks suddenly in this case. Pieces of specimen
could fly around and cause injuries.
-The maximum testing force is 20 000 N.
- Never deflect more than max.6mm, since there is a risk or plastic
deformation and damage to the rod specimen.
MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TO BE USED
IN THE TEST
Materials:
• Universal machine.
• Test tubes.
• Calibrator or Vernier.
• Flexometer.
• Supports for columns.
• Load mandrel.
• Dial indicator magnetic.