Some Technical Aspects

Summation of x,
𝑛

෍ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
𝑖=1
Where, x is a variable with n values

Summation of a,
𝑛

෍𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ⋯+ 𝑎

=n*a, where, ‘a’ is a constant with n values

𝑛 𝑛

෍ 𝑎𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛) = 𝑎 ෍ 𝑥1

𝑖=1 𝑖=𝑙

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

෍ 𝑎𝑥𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑦𝑖 ± 𝑐 = 𝑎 ෍ 𝑥𝑖 ± 𝑏 ෍ 𝑦𝑖 ± 𝑛𝑐
𝑖=1 𝑖=𝑙 𝑖=1
 Measure of Central Tendency

Mathematical Positional Special

Averages Averages Averages

• Mean • Moving Averages

• mode • Progressive Averages

Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean Harmonic Mean

Simple Weighted Simple Weighted Simple Weighted

Requisites of an Ideal Average
 Direct Method
Ungrouped
Data Assumed Mean
Arithmetic Method
Mean
Assumed Mean
Grouped Data
Direct Method
 Class Roll Marks (X)
1 5
2 15
3 25
4 35
5 45
6 55
N=6 σ 𝑥 = 180

σ 𝑋 180
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋ത = = = 30
𝑁 6
Class Roll Marks (X) (X-40) = d

1 5 -35

2 15 -25
σ𝑑 −60
3 25 -15 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋ത = A + = 40 + = 30
𝑁 6
4 35 -5
5 45 5

6 55 15
N=6 σ 𝑋=180 σ 𝑑 =−60
Marks (X) No. of Students ( f ) f𝒙
5 10 50
15 20 300
25 30 750
35 50 1750
45 40 1800
55 30 1650

N=180 ෍ 𝑓𝑥 = 6300

σ 𝑓𝑥 6300
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋ത = = = 35
𝑁 180
Marks (X) No. of Students(𝑓) 𝑋 − 40 = 𝐝 𝑓𝑑
5 10 -35 -350
15 20 -25 -500
25 30 -15 -450
35 50 -5 -250
45 40 5 200
55 30 15 450

𝑁 = 180 ෍ 𝑑 = −60 ෍ 𝑓𝑑 = −900

σ 𝑓𝑑 −900
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋 = 𝐴 + = 40 + = 35
𝑁 180
Marks (X) Mid Point (m) No. of Students (𝑓) 𝑓𝑚
0-10 5 10 50
10-20 15 20 300
20-30 25 30 750
30-40 35 50 1750
40-50 45 40 1800
50-60 55 30 1650

N=180 ෍ 𝑓𝑚 = 6300

σ 𝑓𝑚 6300
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋ത = = = 35
𝑁 180
Marks Mid Point (m) No of Students (𝑓) (m-40) = d 𝑓𝑑
0-10 5 10 -35 -350
10-20 15 20 -25 -500
20-30 25 30 -15 -450
30-40 35 50 -5 -250
40-50 45 40 5 200
50-60 55 30 15 450

N=180 ෍ 𝑑 = −60 ෍ 𝑓𝑑 = −900

σ 𝑓𝑑 −900
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋 = 𝐴 + = 40 + = 35
𝑁 180
Marks (X) Mid Point (m) No of Students (𝑓) (m-45)/10 = d 𝑓𝑑
0-10 5 10 -4 -40
10-20 15 20 -3 -60
20-30 25 30 -2 -60
30-40 35 50 -1 -50
40-50 45 40 0 0
50-60 55 30 1 30

N=180 ෍ 𝑑 = −9 ෍ 𝑓𝑑 = −180

σ 𝑓𝑑 −180 ∗ 10
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋 = 𝐴 + ∗ 𝑐 = 45 + = 35
𝑁 180
 No. of
Marks (X) Marks (X) Mid Point (m) (m-45.5)/10=d 𝑓𝑑
Students (𝑓)
1-10 0.5-10.5 5.5 10 -4 -40
11-20 10.5-20.5 15.5 20 -3 -60
21-30 20.5-30.5 25.5 30 -2 -60
31-40 30.5-40.5 35.5 50 -1 -50
41-50 40.5-50.5 45.5 40 0 0
51-60 50.5-60.5 55.5 30 1 50

N=180 ෍ 𝑓𝑑 = −180

σ 𝑓𝑑 −180 ∗ 10
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋 = 𝐴 + ∗ 𝑐 = 45.5 + = 35.5
𝑁 180
 No. of No. of
Marks (X) Marks (X) Mid Point (m) (m-45)/10=d 𝑓𝑑
Students (𝑓) Students (𝑓)
0-10 10 0-10 10 5 -4 -40
10-30 60 10-20 30 15 -3 -90
30-40 50 20-30 30 25 -2 -60
40-50 40 30-40 50 35 -1 -50
50-60 20 40-50 40 45 0 0
50-60 20 55 1 20

N = 180 ෍ 𝑓𝑑 = −220

σ 𝑓𝑑 −220 ∗ 10
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑋 = 𝐴 + ∗ 𝑐 = 45 + = 32.778
𝑁 180
Assumption: Frequencies are equally distributed across the classes
Property 1: The sum of the deviations of the items from their arithmetic mean is always zero, i.e. σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 = 0

Proof:
We know, for a set of data with n values of the variable X: {x1 , x2 ,x3 ,…, xn}
A.M.

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑥=
𝑛
𝑛
σ𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑛𝑥
So,

The given expression can be expanded as,

෍(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥) = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑛𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥 = 0

Hence the proof.

Property 2: The usm of the squared deviation of the items from arithmetic mean is minimum or the least
i.e. σ(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)2 ≤ σ(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎)2
Where ‘a’ is any assumed mean

Property 3: If a and b are two constants such that 𝑥 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦 where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are two variables assuming
values 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3 … , 𝑥𝑛 and 𝑦1, 𝑦2, 𝑦3, … , 𝑦𝑛 respectively, then 𝑥 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦
Proof: Property 3 𝑥 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑛𝑎 ± 𝑏 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖
⇒ ෍ 𝑥𝑖 = ෍(𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦𝑖) ⇒ ෍ 𝑥𝑖 = ෍ 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦 ෍ 𝑦𝑖 ⇒ ෍ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑛𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦 ෍ 𝑦𝑖 ⇒ =
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 na σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖
⇒ = ±b ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑦
𝑛 n 𝑛

𝑥𝑖 −𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
Similarly, if 𝑢𝑖 = , then 𝑢 = and therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢
𝑐 𝑐
An average daily wage of 10 female workers in a factory is Tk. 15 and an average daily wage of 20 male workers is Tk.
30. Find the average daily wages of all workers of the factory.

𝑁1 = 10 𝑁2 = 20 𝑋1 = 15 𝑋2 = 30
𝑁1𝑋1 + 𝑁2𝑋2 10 ∗ 15 + 20 ∗ 30 750
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑋= = = = 25
𝑁1 + 𝑁2 10 + 20 30

An average daily wage of all 30 workers in a factory is Tk 25. An average daily wage of the female workers is Tk15.
Calculate the average daily wages of male workers, if two-third of the workers is male
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (𝑋𝑖) 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (𝑊𝑖) 𝑊𝑖𝑋𝑖
4.80 1000 4800
6 800 4800
8 600 4800
12 400 4800
24 200 4800

෍ 𝑊𝑖 = 3000 ෍ 𝑊𝑖𝑋𝑖 = 24000

σ 𝑊𝑖𝑋𝑖 24000
𝑋𝑤 = = = 𝑇𝑘. 8 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
σ 𝑊𝑖 3000
 log( 𝑥1 ∗ 𝑥2 ∗ 𝑥3 ∗ ⋯ ∗ 𝑥𝑛)
⇒ log 𝐺𝑀 =
𝑛
log 𝑥1 + log 𝑥2 + log 𝑥3 + ⋯ + log 𝑥𝑛
⇒ log 𝐺𝑀 =
𝑛
𝑛

⇒ log 𝐺𝑀 = ෍ log 𝑥1
𝑖=1
σ𝑛𝑖=1 log 𝑥1
∴ 𝐺𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log
𝑛
 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 log 𝑥𝑖
For Grouped Data 𝐺𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log
σ𝑤
𝑖

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 log 𝑥𝑖
Weighted GM = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log
𝑁

𝑁1 log 𝐺𝑀1 + 𝑁2 log𝐺𝑀2 + ⋯ 𝑁𝑘 log𝐺𝑀𝑘

Combined GM = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log
𝑁1 + 𝑁2 + ⋯ 𝑁𝑘
 Class Roll Marks (X) Log X
1 5 0.6990
2 15 1.1761
3 25 1.39379
4 35 1.5441
5 45 1.6531
6 55 1.7404

෍ log 𝑋 = 8.2107

σ log 𝑋 8.2107
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log = 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴𝐿1.3685 = 23.36
𝑁 6
 Class Roll Marks (X) No of Students (f) Log X f log X
1 5 10 0.6990 6.990
2 15 20 1.1761 23.522
3 25 30 1.3979 41.938
4 35 50 1.5441 77.203
5 45 40 1.6532 66.129
6 55 30 1.7404 52.211

N = 180 ෍ log 𝑋 = 267.994

σ log 𝑋 267.994
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log = 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴𝐿1.4889 = 30.82
𝑁 180
Marks (X) Mid Point (m) No of Students (f) Log m f log m
0 – 10 5 10 0.6990 6.990
10 – 20 15 20 1.1761 23.522
20 – 30 25 30 1.3979 41.938
30 – 40 35 50 1.5441 77.203
40 – 50 45 40 1.6532 66.129
50 – 60 55 30 1.7404 52.211

N = 180 ෍ log 𝑋 = 267.994

σ 𝑓 log 𝑚 267.994
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 log = 𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴𝐿1.4889 = 30.82
𝑁 180
 𝑁 𝑁
𝐻𝑀 = =
1 1 1 1
+ + ⋯+ σ𝑛𝑖=1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑖
 X 1/X
5 0.2000
15 0.0667
25 0.0400
35 0.0286
45 0.0222
55 0.0182

N=6 ෍ 1/𝑋 = 0.3756

𝑁 6
𝐻. 𝑀 = = = 15.9744
1 0.3756
σ
𝑋
Marks (X) No. of Students (f) f /X
5 10 2.000
15 20 1.333
25 30 1.200
35 50 1.429
45 40 0.889
55 30 0.545

N = 180 ෍ 𝑓/𝑋 = 7.396

𝑁 180
𝐻. 𝑀 = = = 24.337
𝑓 7.396
σ
𝑋
Marks (X) Midpoint (m) No. of Students (f) f /m
0 – 10 5 10 2.000
10 – 20 15 20 1.333
20 – 30 25 30 1.200
30 – 40 35 50 1.429
40 – 50 45 40 0.889
50 – 60 55 30 0.545

N = 180 ෍ 𝑓/𝑚 = 7.396

𝑁 180
𝐻. 𝑀 = = = 24.337
𝑓 7.396
σ
𝑚
 σ𝑊
𝐻. 𝑀𝑤 =
1 1 1
∗ 𝑊1 + ∗ 𝑊2 + ⋯ + ∗ 𝑊𝑛
𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋𝑛
Year Sales Progressive Progressive Progressive
Total no of totals average
2001 5 5 1 5/1=5
2002 15 5+15=20 2 20/2=10
2003 25 20+25=45 3 45/3=15
2004 35 45+35=80 4 80/4=20
2005 45 80+45=125 5 125/5=25
2006 55 125+55=180 6 180/6=30
Year Sales 3 Year moving 3 Year Moving
total C Average C/3
2001 5
2002 15 5+15+25=45 15
2003 25 15+25+35=75 25
2004 35 25+35+45=105 35
2005 45 35+45+55=135 45
2006 55
 Example:
Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency
𝑓𝑖

20-25 5 5
25-30 9 14

30-35 2 16
35-40 4 20
𝑛

෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑁 = 20
𝑖=1
 25 Less than type

20 20 Marks Cumulative
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

Frequency
16
15
14
Less than 20 0
10
Less than 25 5
5 5
Less than 30 14
0 0
20 25
27.8
30 35 40 Less than 35 16
UPPER LIMIT OF THE CLASS
Less than 40 20
Series 1
 𝑁
∗ 𝑖 − 𝐹𝑐
𝑄𝑖 = 𝐿 0 + 4 ∗𝑐
𝐹𝑚
𝑁
∗ 𝑖 − 𝐹𝑐
𝐷𝑖 = 𝐿 0 + 10 ∗𝑐
𝐹𝑚
𝑁
∗ 𝑖 − 𝐹𝑐
𝑃𝑖 = 𝐿0 + 100 ∗𝑐
𝐹𝑚
Class Intervals Frequency fi
∆1
𝑀0 = 𝐿0 + ∗𝑐
20-25 5 ∆1 + ∆2

25-30 9
9−5
= 25 + ∗5
30-35 2 9−5 + 9−2

35-40 4
𝑛
= 26.82
෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑁 = 20
𝑖=1
 Purpose Suitable Average

1) To give equal importance to all items of series AM

2) To locate the position of an item in relation to to

Median and other partition values
other items

3) To find out the most common or most fashionable

Mode
item

4) To give more importance to small items than big

GM
items

5) To give greatest importance to small items HM

 Purpose Suitable Average

1) For open ended distribution-particularly J-shaped

or L-shaped distributions, like, Price, Income Median
distributions

2) To describe qualitative data Mode

3) To compute average rates of increase/decrease,

GM
average ratios, average percentages
4) To compare the value of a variable with another
variable which is constant, e.g. varying quantity HM
bought/sold per Taka

5) For calculating trend in time series analysis Moving Average