RELAtion DAN FUNction

1. RELATION

Definition 1.1
If A and B is two particulars of set, so a relation R from A
to B is particular subset from A x B, represent empty set,
is :
R AxB
R = {(a,b) / a relation with b}
= {(a,b) / aRb

The set A is domain

The set B is Kodomain

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 2. REPRESENTATION OF
RELATION

a. Representation with Arrow diagram

b. Representation with ordered pairs
c. Representation with Cartesius graf
d. Representation with Table
e. Representation with Matrix
f. Representation with Graphs

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 A. REPRESENTATION WITH ARROW
DIAGRAM
Example 1:
A B
2 So that relation is
2
3
A completed divided B
3 4
8
9

Domain: { 2,3}
Codomain: { 2,3,4,8,9}
Range: { 2,3,4,8,9}

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 B. REPRESENTATION WITH ORDERED
PAIRS
Example 1 :
The set A: { 2,3}
The set B: { 2,3,4,8,9}
Relation “ A completed devided B” with ordered pairs :
{ (2,2); (2,4); (2,8); (3,3); (3,9) }

Example 2 :
Suppose P = {2, 3, 4} and Q = {2, 4, 8, 9, 15} is be definited
relation R from P to Q with (p, q) ϵ R if p multiple q ?????

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 Definition 1.2
Relation in set A is relation from A x A

Example :
suppose R is the relation in A = {2, 3, 4, 8, 9} is be definited
by (x,y) ϵ R if x is prime factor from y.

Solution :
R = {(2,2); (2,4); (2,8); (3,3); (3,9)}

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 C. REPRESENTATION WITH CARTESIUS
GRAF

If R = { (2,2); (2,4); (2,8); (3,3); (3,9) }

y

9
8

4
3
2

x
2 3

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 D. REPRESENTATION WITH TABLE

Biner relation it be able with. The first coloum of the

table representing of Domain, the second coloum
representing of Range.

Example :
P Q
2 2
2 4
2 8
3 3
3 9

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 E. REPRESENTATION
RELATION WITH MATRIX
 Suppose R is the relation from A = {a1, a2, …, am}
and
B = {b1, b2, …, bn}.
 The relation R represented with matrix M = [mij],
b1 b2  bn
a1  m11 m12  m1n 
a2  m21 m22  m2 n 
M=  
      
 
am mm1 mm 2  mmn 

1, (ai , b j )  R
mij  
0, (ai , b j )  R
9
Example 1 :
Suppose P = {2, 3, 4} and Q = {2, 4, 8, 9, 15} is be
definited relation R from P to Q with (p, q) ϵ R if p
completed devived q.
Get R {(2,2); (2,4); (4,4); (2,8); (4,8); (3,9); (3,15)}
Solution :
a1  2, a2  3, a3  4 and
b1  2, b2  4, b3  8, b4  9, b5  15
1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
 
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Example 2:
Find the reletation of R in A = {1, 2, 3, 4} that is
represented by matric M as follows:

1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
M  
0 0 0 1
 
1 0 0 1

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 Solution:

Because m11  m13  m14  m22  m23  m34  m41  m44  1

another elements valuable 0

So for R  A x A are
R = {(1,1); (1,3); (1,4); (2,2); (2,3); (3,4); (4,1); (4,4)}

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 F. REPRESENTATION WITH
GRAPHS

Suppose A is the finite particular set, a relation of R is

definited in A that representing in Graphs. Graphs G that
representing the relation of R is got with drawing:
 every element from A as point
 every ordered pairs is represented with arc that direction
is showed with arrow.

if (a,b) ϵ R, so a vertex is made from a vertex to b vertex.

a vertex is initial vertex
b vertex is terminal vertex

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Example:
Suppose R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, c), (b, d), (c, a),
(c, d), (d, b)} is the relation in set {a, b, c, d}.

R representing with graphs bellow:

b
a

c d

14
 3. RELATION PROPERTIES

A. REFLEXIVE
Definition 3.1
Relation of R in set A is reflexive if (a,a) ϵ R for every a ϵ A

Example :
Suppose A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which one have properties
reflexive??
(i) R = {(1,1); (1,3); (2,1); (2,2); (3,3); (4,2); (4,3); (4,4)} ???

(ii) R = {(1,1); (2,2); (2,3); (4,2); (4,3); (4,4)} ???

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 B. SYMETRIC

Definition 3.2
The Relation of R in set A is symetric if (a,b) ϵ R, so (b,a)
ϵ R for all a,b ϵ A

Definition 3.3
The relation of R in set A is antisymetric if (a,b) ϵ R and
(b,a) ϵ R, so a = b for all a,b ϵ A

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 Example :

Suppose A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which one the relation bellow

that have symetric properties?

(i) R = {(1,1); (1,2); (2,1); (2,2); (2,4); (4,2); (4,4)}

Symetric. Because (1,2) and (2,1) ϵ R, (2,4) and (4,2) ϵ R

(iii) R = {(1,1); (2,2); (3,3)

antisymetric. Because (2,3) ϵ R but (3,2)  R

(ii) R = {(1,1); (2,2); (3,3)

antisymetric. Because (1,1) ϵ R and 1 = 1, (2,2) ϵ R and 2 = 2,
(3,3) ϵ R and 3 = 3.
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 C. TRANSITIVE

Definition 3.4
The relation of R in set A is transitive if
(a,b) ϵ R, (b,c) ϵ R, so (a,c) ϵ R for all
a,b,c ϵ A

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 Example :

Suppose A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which one the relation bellow

that have transitive properties?

(i) R = {(2,1); (3,1); (3,2); (4,1); (4,2); (4,3)}

Transitive. Because (3,2), (2,1) and (3,1) ϵ R

(4,2), (2,1) and (4,1) ϵ R etc.

(ii) R = {(1,1); (2,3); (2,4); (4,2)}

Intransitif. Because (2,4) and (4,2) ϵ R but (2,2)  R,

(4,2) and (2,3) ϵ R but (4,3)  R

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 4. EQUIVALENCE RELATION

Definisi 1.4
The relation of R in set A is equivalence if have
reflexive, symetric and transitive properties.

Example :
Which one the relation in X = {1, 2, 3} bellow that constitute
in equivalence relation ???
(i) R = {(1,1); (1,2); (1,3); (2,2); (2,3); (3,1); (3,2); (3,3)}
(ii) R = {(1,2); (2,1); (3,3); (2,2)}

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 Example :

For X = {1, 2, 3}
(i) R = {(1,1); (1,2); (1,3); (2,2); (2,3); (3,1); (3,2); (3,3)}
a. Reflexive. Because (1,1), (2,2) and (3,3) ϵ R
b. Symetric. Because (1,3) and (3,1) ϵ R, (2,3) and (3,2) ϵ R.
c. Transitive. Because (1,2), (2,3) and (1,3) ϵ R
So R is equivalence relation.

(i) R = {(1,2); (2,1); (2,2); (3,3)}

a. Nonreflexive. Because (2,2) and (3,3) ϵ R but (1,1)  R
b. Symetric. Because (1,2) and (2,1) ϵ R.
c. Intransitive.
So R is not equivalence relation.

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 5. INVERS RELATION

Definition 1.5
Suppose R is relation from set A to set B. Invers
from relation R is notationated R-1 is the relation
from B to A that is definited:
R-1 = {(b,a) Ι (a,b) ϵ R}

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 Example :

Suppose P = {2, 3, 4} and Q = {2, 4, 8, 9, 15} is definited

the relation of R from P to Q with (p, q) ϵ R if p
completed devided q.

Solution :
R = {(2,2); (2,4); (2,8); (3,9); (3,15); (4,8)}
So
R-1 = {(2,2); (4,2); (8,2); (9,3); (15,3); (8,4)}

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 LATIHAN 1

1. Write the member from relation R in {1, 2, 3, 4} is

definite by (x,y) ϵ R if x2 ≥ y.
2. Representing the relation of R = {(1,2); (2,1); (3,3);
(1,1); (2,2)} in X = {1, 2, 3} in the form matrix and
Graphs.
3. Given that the relation R definited in set A {a, b, c, d}

b
a

c d
Determine the relation R that reflexive, symetric,
antisymetric and transitive properties
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 4. For every relation in A = {1, 2, 3, 4} bellow,
which represent equivalence relation.
a. R = {(2,2); (2,3); (2,4); (3,2); (3,3); (3,4)}
b. R = {(2,4); (2,4)}
c. R = {(1,1); (1,3); (2,2); (3,1); (3,3); (4,4)}
d. R = {(1,3); (1,4); (2,3); (2,4); (3,1); (3,4)}

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 6. COMBINING THE RELATION

If each R1 and R2 is a set of relation A

to B, so R1  R2, R1  R2, R1 – R2,and
R1  R2 also relation from A to B.

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 Example :

If A = {a, b, c} and B = {a, b, c, d}.

The Relation R1 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)}
The Relation R2 = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (a, d)}

So, the value R1  R2 , R1  R2 , R1  R2 , R2  R1 ,

and R1  R2 ????

Solution :
R1  R2 = {(a, a)}
R1  R2 = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (a, c), (a, d)}
R1  R2 = {(b, b), (c, c)}
R2  R1 = {(a, b), (a, c), (a, d)}
R1  R2 = {(b, b), (c, c), (a, b), (a, c), (a, d)}

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 If each relation R1 and R2 represented by
matrix MR1 and MR2, so matrix that represent
union and intersection from both relation are
MR1  R2 = MR1  MR2 and
MR1  R2 = MR1  MR2

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 Example :

If relation R1 and R2 in set A represented by

1 0 0 0 1 0 
R1 = 1 0 1 and R2 = 0 1 1
   
1 1 0 1 0 0
So,
1 1 0
MR1  R2 = MR1  MR2 = 1 1 1
 
1 1 0

0 0 0 
MR1  R2 = MR1  MR2 = 0 0 1
 
1 0 0

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 Function

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 1. FUNCTION

• Definition2.1 : Function from set A to B is relation

which each member of A paired with one of
member B.

A B
f
Domain : Df
Codomain : Kf

x Range : Rf
y = f(x)
Notation: f : A →B
Domain Range
y = f(x)

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 EXAMPLE:

A B

Function

Not a Function

Not a Function

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 EXAMPLE:

If the relations of set A = {0, 1, 2, 3} to set B = {6, 7, 8, 9}

which of the following is the functions??

a. f = {(0,6); (1,7); (2,8); (3,9)} FUNCTION

b. f = {(0,6); (0,7); (1,8); (3,9)} NO FUNCTION

c. f = {(0,9); (1,8); (1,6); (2,9)} NO FUNCTION

d. f = {(0,7); (1,9); (2,8); (3,6)} FUNCTION

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 2. KINDS OF FUNCTIONS

A. INJECTIVE FUNCTIONS

 Function f called injective functions if there

have’nt two element of set A which have same
image.

A B

a 1
b 2

c 3

d 4
5

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 Example :

From the following relations, which is injective

function????

(i) The Relation f = {(1, w), (2, u), (3, v)} from A = {1, 2, 3}
to B = {u, v, w, x}
The Relation is injective function
(ii) The Relation f = {(1, u), (2, u), (3, v)} from A = {1, 2, 3}
to B = {u, v, w}

The Relation isn’t injective function

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 B. SURJECTIVE FUNCTION

 Function f called surjective function if each

element of set B is image from one or more
element of set A.
A B

a 1
b 2

c 3

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 Example :

From the following relations, which is Surjective

function????
(i) The Relation f = {(1, u), (2, u), (3, v)} from A = {1, 2, 3}
to B = {u, v, w}
The relation isn’t surjective function.

(ii) The Relation f = {(1, w), (2, u), (3, v)} from A = {1, 2, 3}
to B = {u, v, w}

The relation is surjective function.

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 C. BIJECTIVE FUNCTION

Function f called bijective function if that include

injection fuction and surjective function.

Example:

The Relation f = {(1, u), (2, w), (3, v)} from A = {1, 2, 3}
to B = {u, v, w} is bijective function.

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 D. LINEAR FUNCTION

The Form: y = f(x) = ax + b, a≠0

Example:
 y = 2x + 5
 3x – 4y =8
E. CONSTANT FUNCTION

The Form: y = f(x) = k,

Example :
 f(x) = 3
 f(x) = -4

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 COUNT THE VALUE OF FUNCTION

EXAMPLE :
Given function f: x → 2x – 2 in a set of integer.
Determine:
a. f (1),f (2), f(3)
b. image (–2) by f,
c. Value to x = - 5
d. Value x to f(x) = 8
e. Value a to f(a) = 14
f. Draw function graph in cartecius field.

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 DETERMINE THE FORM FUNCTION

EXAMPLE:
Function h in the real set number is defined by
h(x) = a x + b, with a and b integer.
if h (–2) = –4 and h(1) = 5, find:
a. value a and b,
b. The form function.

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 F. POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

The Form:
y = P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0
which: an, an-1, …, a1, a0 = constanta,
n = polinom degree( an 0)
Df = Y
Polinom degree 2: y = P(x) = ax2 + bx + c,

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 G. EXPONENT FUNCTION

The Form: y = f(x) = xn , nє

Df = Y
Graph
y y y
y=x y = x2 y = x3

x x
0 0 x 0

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 G. ROOT FUNCTION

The Form :

y  f ( x)  n
x, n  2, 3, 4,...

Df = [0,∞), Rf = [0, ∞), if n even

Df = Y, Rf = Y, if n odd

y y

y2 x
Graph : y3 x
x x
0 0

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 H. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

A. Sine Function
The Form: y = f(x) = sin x, x in radiant
Df = , Wf = [-1,1]

1 y = sin x
x
-2π -π 0 π 2π
-1
B. Cosine Function
The Form: y = f(x) = cos x, x in radiant
Df = Y, Wf = [-1,1]

y
1 y = cos x
-π π x
-2π 0 2π
-1
 C. Tangent Function

sin x
The Form: y  f ( x)  tan x  , x dalam radian
cos x

y = tan x

x
-2π --π 0 π 2π
-1

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 I. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTION

Function f called even function if y

f(-x) = f(x), for every x in domain.

f(x)
y = f(x)

x
-x x

Function f called odd function if y

f(-x) = -f(x) for every x in domain. y = f(x)
f(x)

-x
x
x
-f(x)

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 EXAMPLE:

From the following Function, which is even and odd

function????
(i) f(x) = x2 + 1
(ii) f(x) = x3 - 2

solution:
(i) f(x) = x2 + 1 (ii) f(x) = x3 - 2
f(-x) = (-x)2 + 1 f(-x) = (-x)3 - 2
f(-x) = x2 + 1 f(-x) = -x3 - 2
So, it is even function So, it is odd function

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 EXERCISE 2

1. from the following functions, determine whether

injective function, surjective or bijective.
a. f(x) = x – 1
b. f(x) = x2 + 1
2. Given function f : x → (2m + 1)x + 7. if f(-1) = -4,
so, determine value f(m).
3. Function f is defined by f (2x – 3) = 7x – 16.
determine value f(-3) and f(3).
4. Given f : R →R is defined by f(x) = x2 – x.
determine:
a. f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), and f(2).
b. if f(2 + a) = 6, find the possible value a.
c. If Df = { x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 2 , x ϵ R}
d. Draw function graph in cartecius field.
5. From the following functions, determine whether
even or odd function!!!
a. f(x) = x2 + x
b. f(x) = x3 + x

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