CHN:518

WASTE TO ENERGY
CHN-518 :Waste to Energy
Lectures: 3/week
Tutorial : 1/week

 ETE : 50%
 MTE : 25%
 CW : 25%
Presentation topics will be
given

Soft copy of lectures

 COURSE CONTENTS
• Introduction: Types and characterization : Agriculture, Animal, MSW,
Hospital, Industrial (specific: Sugar, Distillery, P&P, etc.); Physical and
chemical, bulk density, proximate & ultimate analyses, heating value,
leachability etc.

• Waste to energy through thermal routes: Pyrolysis,

Gasification, Incineration, Plasma gasification-Hospital waste

• Waste to energy through biochemical routes: Biogas,

Ethanol etc.

• Waste to energy through chemical routes: FT process,

Transesterification etc.

• Densification: Increase of density-Agriculture residues

• Efficiency improvement in power generation: Supercritical
boilers, heat recovery systems
• Case studies: MSW and industrial
• Environmental concerns- Common to all;AQI
 SIGNIFICANCE
• Coal - CO2 408.89 ppm Jan 1, 2019; 260 ppm before industrialization
• Petroleum /NG – CO2
Environmental
• Biomass- CO2 neutral
Concerns
• Waste: Solid, liquid, gas?
• Solar- Clean - photovoltaic system
• Wind- Clean
• Hydro- Clean Swatch Bharat
• Nuclear- Clean
• Efficiency improvements/Conservation
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VS GDP (PER CAPITA)

India
$1709;0.4kW
Q=10^18
ENERGY SOURCE AND RESOURCES

Source of almost all the world’s energy:

SUN

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass,

tidal, wind and hydro is manifestation of
solar energy

Nuclear and geothermal are beyond this

definition: at the time of creation of earth
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy Resources

Nonrenewable/ Renewable/
Conventional Non-conventional
(Not replenished after use) (naturally replenished after use)

Coal Solar
Oil Fossil fuels Wind
Gas Biomass
Nuclear Hydro (large and small)
Geothermal Tidal
 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY

1. Chemical energy

2. Thermal energy

3. Mechanical energy

4. Electrical energy

Electrical energy form

is most convenient to
use, but costliest.
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Chemical Thermal

Electrical Mechanical
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Combustion

Chemical Thermal
Endothermic
reaction
 Chemical energy: Carbon and
Hydrogen
 Fossil fuels: Coal, Petroleum, NG
 Biomass
 Efficiency: 10-95% +  Thermal energy can be
 Boilers: fluidized bed-rice husk, stored by reactions
supercritical reverse of combustion
 Furnaces: furnace oil, NG  Not of commercial use
 Pollution creator: CO, NOx, SOx, SPM,
RSPM, thermal pollution, ash, mercury,
arsenic, etc.
 ENERGY CONVERSION

I.C. Engine *
C.I. : 40%
Thermal
S.I. : 30%
Steam turbine : 45%; BHEL,1000MW
Gas turbine : 35%:ATF
Steam engine : 12%
Efficiency is limited by Carnot Cycle η=1-Tc/Th
* Chemical to mechanical

Friction

Animal power: Horse and bullock

Gharats (water mills): grain grinding Mechanical
Wind mills
 TYPES OF ENGINES
1. Spark Ignition (SI) : 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra
Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to initiate combustion
Exhaust stroke
Octane No. Isooctane + n Heptane

2. Compression Ignition (CI) : 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German

Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+ : S content: 50 ppm (2017)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only) :10 ppm (2020)
Compression stroke :500 ppm (2001)
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion :All cities (2005)
Exhaust stroke :350 ppm (2005)
Cetane No. Cetane + 1- methylnaphthalene :10,000 ppm (1995)
 ENERGY CONVERSION
Electrical generator
Electrical motor BHEL:1000MW, H2 Cooling
Efficiency: 65-90% + Efficiency: 95% +

Electrical Mechanical
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Chemical Lead acid batteries

Li-ion batteries
Efficiency: 75%

Dry batteries: 90%

Lead acid batteries: 75%
Li-ion batteries: 75%
Fuel cells:70%:R&D

Solution of energy and

Electrical environment problems
E vehicles
 ENERGY CONVERSION
Resistance heating: 100%
Inductive heating: 80%+
Electric arc: 60% + Thermal
Electric bulb: 100%

Thermoelectrics: 10%
Seeback effect/thermocouples
Electrical MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics): 10%

BHEL is working on MHD

 SECTORS OF ECONOMY, ENERGY
CONSUMPTION AND WASTE GENERATION

1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Transport
4. Domestic
5. Others
SECTOR WISE ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
1. Agriculture : 21.95%
2. Industry : 36.80%
3. Transport : 2.41%
4. Domestic : 24.30%
5. Others : 14.57%
 AGRICULTURE SECTOR
 Cropped area: 190.64 Mha
 Irrigated area: 76.82 Mha
 GDP contribution: 13.7%
 Export: 19% of total
 Employment to ~50% population
 Food grain production: 277 MT- Agriculture residue
 Second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (283 MT) in
world- Residue Mandi
 Livestock in India: 512 M; 729 M poultry-Animal dung/droppings
 Largest producer of milk in world (137 MT)- BOD
 Sugarcane production II highest in world (353 MT)/734 MT
(Brazil) : Molasses and Bagasse
AGRICULTURE SECTOR (2017-18)
•Food grains – 277.49 million tonnes (record)
• Rice – 111.01 million tonnes (record)
• Wheat – 97.11 million tonnes
• Coarse Cereals – 45.42 million tonnes
(record)
• Maize – 27.14 million tonnes (record)
• Pulses – 23.95 million tonnes (record)
• Gram – 11.10 million tonnes (record)
• Tur – 4.02 million tonnes
• Urad – 3.23 million tonnes (record)
•Oilseeds – 29.88 million tonnes
• Soya bean – 11.39 million tonnes
• Groundnut – 8.22 million tonnes
• Castor seed – 1.50 million tonnes
•Cotton – 33.92 million bales (of 170 kg
each) - 5.766 million tonnes
•Sugarcane – 353.23 million tonnes
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
ENERGY SOURCE OPERATIONAL ENERGY
(in MJ/Ha)
Diesel 486
Electrical energy (Water 4128
pumping)
Total mechanical energy 486+4128=4614
Animal energy 338
Human energy 940
Total energy 6892
Share of mechanical energy 81.6 % (1970 figure was 10.3)

Agriculture sector: 13% of total energy and 22% of electricity

 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
 Contributes: 23% GDP
 Export contribution: 29%
 Largest producer of sponge iron
 Seventh largest producer of steel
 Second largest producer of cement
 Third largest producer of fertilizers, engineering goods
and textiles
 Ethanol production: 8th largest (866 ML): BOD
 Pulp and paper: Not in top 10 (1.5% of world) China: 25% : Liquid

 Fuel and feed stock: largest consumer accounting for 44.4% energy
 Coal consumed by this sector: 59.4%
 Cogeneration and export of electricity to grid: Banking and Wheeling
 Waste to Energy augmentation
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Alcohol production
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
 TRANSPORT SECTOR
 Railways
115,000 km track of railways
Passengers handled: 23 million daily
Locomotives
Steam: 43; Diesel 5345; Electric: 4568
 Air Transport
Air passenger traffic: 162 million
Air cargo: 2.75 MT
 Road transport
Registered vehicles: 233 million : Discarded tyres and tubes
National high ways: 75,600 km
Rural roads: 234,000 km
 Water transport
8.42 million Gross Tonnes : Ship breaking

• Second largest consumer of the energy

• Largest consumer of the petroleum products
• Petroleum products : 98.5% of total Energy
• Electricity for traction : 1.5%
TRANSPORT SECTOR
 DOMESTIC SECTOR
 Biomass residues and animal dung cakes used
in villages for cooking
 LPG is used for the domestic cooking in urban
and rural areas as well
 Natural gas in few cities
 Kerosene for lighting and cooking in rural
areas
 Soft coke for domestic cooking
 MSW: Figures?
 Liquid waste: Figures? Sewer lines-biogas
Biomass residues : Major source
LPG : 23 MT + Biogas
 OTHERS
 Services
• 60.2% GDP Contribution
• 142 million professionals in India
• Export share: 40%
 Commercial sector comprises institutes/
hospitals / schools/ colleges/ universities/ trusts/
offices etc.
 Street lighting
 Public water works
 Packaging material
 E waste: Computers, laptops, printers,
refrigerators, mobiles, tubes, fans etc.
 Hospital Waste