MYRA ESTRINE LEVINE

(1921-1996)
1920- She was born in Chicago and the eldest among 3
children (1sister and 1 brother)

Educational Achievements:
1944- She earned a diploma in nursing from the Cook
County School of Nursing
1949- Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of
Chicago
1962- Master's of Science in Nursing was given to her from
Wayne State University in Detroit
1992- Honorary doctorate from Loyola University
Work Experience:
 She earned experienced in Oncology Nursing
 She was a Civilian Nurse at Gardiner General Hospital
 She became Director of Nursing at Drexel Home in
Chicago
 She was an Administrative Supervisor at University of
Chicago
 She served as a Chairperson of Clinical Nursing at her
Alma Mater
 And as a Visiting Professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel
 She is known for her publication, Introduction to Clinical
Nursing, which was first published in 1969, with additional
editions printed in 1973 and 1989.
 Levine died in 1996.
Myra Estrine Levine's Contribution to Nursing Theory:
Four Conservation Principles
Levine developed the Four Conservation Principles.

The conservation principle has four aspects:

 Conservation of energy - Refers to balancing how energy goes in
and out of the body to avoid fatigue. It includes adequate rest,
nutrition, and exercise.
 Conservation of structural integrity - Refers to maintaining or
restoring the physical body and promoting physical healing.
 Conservation of personal integrity - Recognizes the patient's need
for recognition, respect, self-awareness, and self-determination. In
this area, for example, a nurse will honor a patient's need for
personal space.
 Conservation of social integrity - Addresses the patient's
interactions and relationships with other people, such as in a
family, community, or religious group.
Levine offers nine models of guided assessment in the Four
Conservation Principles theory of nursing. They are:
1. vital signs
2. body movement and positioning
3. meeting personal hygiene needs
4. pressure gradient system in nursing interventions
5. nursing determination in provision of nutritional needs
6. pressure gradient system in nursing
7. local application of hot and cold
8. administration of medicine
9. establishing an aseptic environment
Summary
Nursing involves engaging in human interactions. Levine states
that the goal of nursing is to promote wholeness, while realizing
that every individual requires a unique cluster of activities to
achieve wholeness.
MARTHA ROGERS
(1914- 1994
1914- She was born in Dallas, Texas

Educational Achievements:
 1936- She received her nursing diploma from the Knoxville General Hospital
School of Nursing .
 1937- The she earned her Public Health Nursing degree from George Peabody
College in Tennessee.
 1945- Her Master's degree was from Teachers College at Columbia University
 1954- Her Doctorate in Nursing was given to her from Johns Hopkins University in
Baltimore.

Rogers died on March 13, 1994.

Work Experience:
 Rogers worked as a professor at New York University's School of Nursing.
 She was also a Fellow for the American Academy of Nursing.
Her publications include: Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970), Nursing Science and
Art: A Prospective (1988), Nursing: Science of Unitary, Irreducible, Human Beings
Update (1990), and Vision of Space Based Nursing (1990).
Other works written by Martha E. Rogers include:
• An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing
• Educational revolution in nursing. By Martha E. Rogers. Published by Macmillan.
1961 Edition
• Reveille in Nursing
• Martha E Rogers: Her Life and Her Work
Martha E. Rogers' Contribution to Nursing Theory:
Science of Unitary Human Beings

Patients are considered "unitary human beings," who cannot be

divided into parts, but have to be looked at as a whole.*

Rogers defined health as an expression of the life process. To

that end, illness and health are part of the same continuum, and
the events occurring throughout the patient's life show how the
patient is achieving his or her health potential.

The basic characteristics that describe the life process of the

patient are: energy field, openness, pattern, and pan
dimensionality.
 Nursing in the Science of Unitary Human Beings
contains two dimensions:
 Science of Nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that
comes from scientific research
 Art of nursing, which involves using the science of nursing creatively to help
better the life of the patient. In this model, the role of the nurse is to serve people.
Rogers also proposes noninvasive modalities for nursing, such as therapeutic
touch, humor, music, meditation and guided imagery, and even the use of color.

 Summary:
There are many people who believe that a person and his or her
environment are integral to each other. By practicing nursing a nurse can
apply Martha E. Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings to treat patients
and help them in the process of change toward better health. The
practice of nursing, according to Rogers, should be focused on pain
management, and supportive psychotherapy for rehabilitation.
DOROTHEA E. OREM
(1914-2007)
 1914- She was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Educational Achievements:
 1930- She earned her nursing diploma from the Providence Hospital
School of Nursing in Washington, D.C.
 1939- She went on to complete her Bachelor of Science in Nursing
 1945- Her Master's of Science in Nursing from the Catholic University of
America in Washington, D.C.
 1976- She was given Honorary Doctorates of Science from both
Georgetown University
 1988- She was given an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Illinois
Wesleyan University
 1998- Doctorate Honoris Causae from the University of Missouri in
Columbia in 1998.
Dorothea Orem died on June 22, 2007
One of the works written by Dorothea Orem is:
• Nursing: Concepts of practice
• Dorothea Orem: Self-Care Deficit Theory(Notes on
Nursing Theories)
Dorothea E. Orem's Contribution to Nursing Theory:
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT)
 Also known as the Orem Model of Nursing, was developed by Dorothea
Orem between 1959 and 2001. It is considered a grand nursing theory,
which means the theory covers a broad scope with general concepts
that can be applied to all instances of nursing.

The central philosophy of the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is that all
patients want to care for themselves, and they are able to recover more
quickly and holistically by performing their own self-care as much as
they're able. This theory is particularly used in rehabilitation and primary
care or other settings in which patients are encouraged to be
independent.
The self-care identified by Dorothea Orem fall into
one of three categories.
 1st universal self-care - which are needs that all people have. These
include things like air, water, food, activity and rest, and hazard
prevention.
 2nd is developmental self-care - which has two sub-categories:
• Maturational, which progress the patient to a higher level of maturation
• Situational which prevent against harmful effects in development.
 3rd is health deviation - which are needs that come up based on the
patient's condition. If a patient is unable to meet their self-care, a "self-
care deficit" occurs. In this case, the patient's nurse steps in with a
support modality which can be total compensation, partial
compensation, or education and support.
Summary
One of the benefits of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing
Theory is that it can easily be applied to a variety of nursing
situations and patients. The generality of its principles and
concepts make it easily adaptable to different settings, and
nurses and patients can work together to ensure that the patients
receive the best care possible, but are also able to care for
themselves. Dorothea Orem's dedication to nursing, as well as her
hard work in the field, nurses can use her theory today to care for
patients and make their transition from the hospital or full-time
care facility to their own home much smoother.
IMOGENE KING
(1923-2007)
 January 30, 1923- She was born on in West Point, Iowa.
Educational Achievements:
 1945-She received her nursing diploma from St. John's Hospital School
of Nursing in St. Louis, Missouri
 1948- She earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from St. Louis
University
 1957- She completes her Master's of Science in Nursing, also from St.
Louis University
 1961- She also earned her doctoral degree from Teachers College,
Columbia University
 She died on December 24, 2007.
Work Experience:
 Between 1966 and 1968- She worked as Assistant Chief of the Research
Grants Branch of the Division of Nursing in Washington, D.C. under Dr.
Jessie Scott.
 1968 until 1972- She was the director of the Ohio State University School
of Nursing
 1971 until 1980- She was an Associate Professor and a Professor from at
Loyola University in Chicago.
 1980-1990- She was a professor at the University of South Florida's College
of Nursing in Tampa, Florida.
 King retired with the title Professor Emeritus.
Some of her works include:

• Theory for Nursing: Systems, Concepts, Process

• Theory for Nursing: Systems, Concepts and Process
• The Language of Nursing Theory and Metatheory
• Toward a Theory for Nursing: General Concepts of
Human Behaviour
• Curriculum and Instruction in Nursing: Concepts and
Process
Imogene King's Contribution to Nursing Theory: Theory of Goal
Attainment
- Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment was first introduced in the 1960s.
The basic concept of the theory is that the nurse and patient
communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to
achieve those goals. It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows a
person to grow and develop in order to attain certain life goals. The factors
that affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time.

Three fundamental needs:

 Need for health information
 Need for care that seeks to prevent illness
 Need for care when the patient is unable to help him or herself.
Three interacting systems in her Theory of Goal Attainment are the personal
system, the interpersonal system, and the social system. Each system is given
different concepts.
1. Concepts for the personal system are: perception, self, growth and
development, body image, space, and time.
2. Concepts for the interpersonal system are: interaction, communication,
transaction, role, and stress.
3. Concepts for the social system are: organization, authority, power, status,
and decision making.
Summary
- King's Theory of Goal Attainment defines nursing as "process of action,
reaction and interaction by which nurse and patient share information about
their perception in nursing situation."
According to King, the goal of the nurse is to help patients maintain health so
they can function in their individual roles. The nurse's function is to interpret
information in the nursing process, to plan, implement, and evaluate nursing
care.
BETTY NEUMAN
(1924-
 1924- She was Born in Lowel, Ohio
Educational Achievements:
 1947- She earned her diploma as a Registered Nurse from the Peoples
Hospital School of Nursing in Akron, Ohio.
 1957- She went on to complete her Bachelor of Science in Nursing
 1966- Master of Science in Mental Health, both from the University of
California-Los Angeles
 1985- She also earned a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Pacific Western
University
 1992- She was given an Honorary Doctorate of Letters at the Neumann
College in Aston, Pennsylvania.
 1998- The Grand Valley State University in Michigan gave her an Honorary
Doctorate of Science.
Work Experience:
 She was a pioneer in nursing involvement in community mental health.
While she was developing her systems model
 She was working as a lecturer at the University of California-Los Angeles in
community health nursing.

- Betty Neuman's first book, The Neuman Systems Model , was published in
1982. The book included nursing process format and care plans, and was a
total approach to client care. Newer editions were published in 1989, 1995,
2002, and 2010.
Betty Neuman's Contribution to Nursing Theory:
Neuman Systems Model

In the Neuman Systems Model, the nurse's role is to keep the

system's stability by using three levels of prevention.
1. Primary prevention, which protects the normal line and strengthens
the flexible line of defense.
2. Secondary prevention is used to strengthen the internal lines of
resistence, which reduces the reaction and increases resistence
factors.
3. Tertiary prevention readapts, stabilizes, and protects the patient's
return to wellness after treatment.
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
(1939-
 1939- She was born in Los Angeles.
Educational Achievements:
 1963- She earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Nursing from Mount St.
Mary's College in Los Angeles.
 1966- She earned a Master's Degree in Pediatric Nursing from the University
of California-Los Angeles.
 1973- She also earned a Master's Degree in Sociology

Work Experience
 1966- As a staff nurse and in administrative positions at St. Mary's Hospital in
Tucson, Arizona, and St. Joseph's Hospital in Lewiston, Idaho, Roy joined the
faculty of Mount St. Mary's College She also served as Department Chair
between 1971 and 1982.
 Between 2003 and 2006- She served on the Board of the International Network for
Doctoral. She is also Faculty Senior Nurse Scientist at the Yvonne L. Munn Center for
NursEducationing Research at Massachusetts General Hospital.

The following are some of Callista Roy's works:

• Generating Middle Range Theory: From Evidence to Practice
• Nursing Knowledge Development and Clinical Practice
• By Callista Roy - The Roy Adaptation Model: 3rd (third) Edition
• Roy Adaptation Model-Based Research: 25 Years of Contributions to
Nursing Science
• Roy Adaptation Model-Based Research: 25 Years of Contributions to
Nursing Science
• Introduction to Nursing: An Adaptation Model
• Theory Construction in Nursing: An Adaption Model
Sister Callista Roy's Contribution to Nursing Theory: Adaptation
Model of Nursing

The three concepts of her model are the human being, adaptation, and
nursing. Under the concept of adaptation are four modes: physiological, self
concept, role function, and interdependence.

1. Physiological mode - deals with the maintenance of the physical body. This
includes basic human needs such as air, water, food, and temperature
regulation.
2. Mode of self-concept - is the need for the maintenance of the mind. The
person's perceptions of his or her physical and personal self are included in
this mode.
3. Social integrity - This mode deals with the balance between independence
and interdependence in a person's relationships with other people.
Summary
According to Roy's model, the goal of nursing is to promote
adaptation of the patient during illness and health in all four
of the modes. The nurse's actions begin with assessment on
two levels. First, the nurse makes a judgment as to the
presence or absence of maladaptation. Second, the nurse
focuses on the stimuli influencing the patient's maladaptive
behavior. The nurse then takes actions to promote
adaptation by manipulating the environment, elements of
the patient system, or both as part of their nursing care
plan.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
(1919-
 August 21, 1919- She was born in Savannah, Georgia.
Educational Achievements:
 1942- She earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Vanderbilt
University in Nashville, Tennessee.
 1948- She received her Master's degree from Harvard University. During her
career, Johnson was an assistant professor of pediatric nursing, an
associate professor of nursing, and a professor of nursing at the University of
California in Los Angeles.
 She retired in 1978.
Dorothy Johnson's Contribution to Nursing: Behavior System Model
 The goals of nursing are fourfold, according to the Behavior
System Model:
1. To assist the patient whose behavior is proportional to social demands.
2. To assist the patient who is able to modify his behavior in ways that it
supports biological imperatives.
3. To assist the patient who is able to benefit to the fullest extent during
illness from the physician's knowledge and skill.
4. To assist the patient whose behavior does not give evidence of
unnecessary trauma as a consequence of illness.
Summary

Johnson's theory defines health as a purposeful adaptive response to internal

and external stimuli in order to maintain stability and comfort. The main goal
of nursing is to foster equilibrium within the individual patient. The practice of
nursing is concerned with the organized and integrated whole, but
maintaining a balance in the behavior system when illness occurs is the major
focus of the career.