SEE 2073

SIGNAL & SYSTEM

Section 01
**

CHAPTER 7: DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL & SYSTEM

DR NOOR ASMAWATI BINTI SAMSURI

P19a – Level 4
asmawati@fke.utm.my
1
Converting continuous
value to discrete value

QUANTIZATION:

SAMPLING:
Converting continuous value to discrete value
Discrete Time Signals & System 2
 x(t ) x[ n ]

Analog/Continuous Digital/Discrete

Discrete Time Signals & System 3

 Discrete Signal Representation

x[n]  [2,1,3,0,0,1]

The arrow shows the position at

n = 0. If no arrow showed, the
The length of the above signal
first sampled holds the position
is 6. The zero n is counted if sit
at n = 0.
in between non-zero.
Discrete Time Signals & System 4
  1, n0  1, n0
u[n]    [ n]  
0, n<0 0, n  0

Discrete Time Signals & System 5

**Write
equation
+
-
/
x
Discrete Time Signals & System 6
 Addition

Division Multiplication
Discrete Time Signals & System 7
 TIME REVERSAL or MIRROR OPERATION

y[n]  x[n]

Discrete Time Signals & System 8

 Shift the signal to the right or left by nd samples.

y[n]  x[n  nd ]

Discrete Time Signals & System 9

 System can be classified in the following categories:

Linear and nonlinear systems

Time-invariant and time-varying systems

Memory and memoryless systems

Causal and noncausal systems

Discrete Time Signals & System 10

 ya [n]  T {x1[n]  x2 [n]}
yb [n]  T {x1[n]  x2 [n]}
ya [n]  yb [n]
Discrete Time Signals & System 11
 Example 1: Example 2:
If y[n]  x[n]2
If y[n]  x[n]  2 x[n  1]
If y[ n ] 
And ya [n]   x1[n]  x2 [n]
x[ n ]2 2
And ya [n]   x1[n]  x2 [n]  2  x1[n  1]  x1[n  1]
And ya [n]x x[1n[]n2]2xx2 [[nn]]x [n]  x [n]2
2

1 1 2 2
If y[n]  
x[nx][n]2x[xn [n1]
]  2 x [n  1]  2 x [n  1]
1 2 1 2
 x [ n ] 
2 2
While yb [n] 1x1[n]  x12 [n] 2
2 x [ n ] x2 [ n]  x [ n]2
2
And yya [[nn]] xx1[[nn]]2xx2 [[nn]1]2 xx1[[nn]1]2x x[1n[n1]1]
While b 1 1 2 2

So, ya [ynb ][n] 

While yb [xn1[]n]  x2 [n]
2 2
So, ya [n] yxb [1[nn]]  x2 [n]  2 x1[n  1]  2 x2 [n  1]
]  yb [is 
While b [ n]  x
The ysystem n]  2 x1[n  1]  x2 [n]  2 x2 [n  1]
is1[linear.

So,The
ya [nsystem n] not linear.
So, ya [n]  yb [n]
 The system is not linear.
 The system is linear.

Discrete Time Signals & System 12

Example 3: y (t )  Ax(t )  1

x1 (t )  Ax1 (t )  1 x2 (t )  Ax2 (t )  1
x1 (t )  x 2 (t )  A[ x1 (t )  x2 (t )]  1
 Ax1 (t )  Ax2 (t )  1 Non Linear

 y1 (t )  y2 (t )

y1 (t )  y2 (t )  [ Ax1 (t )  1]  [ Ax2 (t )  1]
 Ax1 (t )  Ax2 (t )  2

Discrete Time Signals & System 13

 T{x[n  D]}  y[n  D]

 A system is said to be shift invariant if a time shift in the input

signal results the same shift in the output signal.

Discrete Time Signals & System 14

Example 4:

Minus all inside the bracket with

nd (delay the input)

Change all n with n- nd

(delay the output)

Result when delay at the inputs is similar to the delay at the output.
So, y[n] is time-invariant.

Discrete Time Signals & System 15

 Ex. 5 : y (t )  Ax(t )

x(t ) 
 Ax(t )
x(t  t0 ) 
 Ax(t  t0 )

Time invariant 
 y (t  t0 )

y (t )  Ax(t )
y(t  t0 )  Ax(t  t0 )
Discrete Time Signals & System 16
 Ex. 6 : y (t )  tAx(t )

x(t ) 
 tAx(t )
x(t  t0 ) 
 tAx(t  t0 )
Time variant 
 y (t  t0 )

y (t )  tAx(t )
y(t  t0 )  (t  t0 ) Ax(t  t0 )

Discrete Time Signals & System 17

A system is causal if output at any time depends only on
the input at the present time and in the past.

Current value is at time n

Past values are at time n-k
Future values are at time n+k

Discrete Time Signals & System 18

Example 7:

Discrete Time Signals & System 19