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© PEUI -2007
Pipeline History (2)
Distance between Natural Gas Resources
and the Market needs cost effective
Natural Gas transportation
Transportation of Natural Gas:
• Pipeline
• LNG
• CNG
• Hydrate
Natural gas problem is volume
For the same energy content:
© PEUI -2007
Natural Gas Value of Chain
- from wellhead to burner-tip
Source:Verghese
Information in Map of
Gas Pipeline
Major receipt and delivery points
Yearly average gas flows (MMcf/d)
Flow directions on mainlines
Owners, operators, and total miles of
pipelines
The number of compressors and total
system horsepower (HP)
Seasonal storage (Bcf) Gas supply and
market zones
Shows the exact position of gas pipelines
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANS JAVA GAS PIPELINE
MUARA
TAWAR
CILAMAYA
CILEGON
CIREBON
SEMARANG
GRESIK
CEPU
PAGERUNGAN
PORONG
Legend
Existing Pipeline from Sumatera (under construction)
Source: Mohitpour
Preliminary Route Selection
Identification of supply ad delivery points (1:50.000
map)
Identification of control points on the map
Plot shortest route considering areas of major
concern (high peak, lakes, etc.)
Plot of the selected route on aerial photograph and
analysis the selected route
Refinement of the selected route to accommodate
better terrain, easier crossing, etc.
To ensure the pipeline route perform detailed
survey
Safety Consideration
Railroad
Highway, secondary road
Pipeline Crossing
Canal, irrigation ditch
Rivers
Meter Station
Other underground facilities
Fluid Properties
Point
2. Gross Heating Value 950 – Btu/scf
1250
3. Gas Composition :
- Methane 80 Minimum % Volume
- Carbon Dioxide 5 Maximum % Volume
- Hydrogen Sulphide 8 Maximum ppmv
- Sulphur 30 Maximum ppmw
- Oxygen 0,1 Maximum % Volume
- Nitrogen 5 Maximum % Volume
- Water (H2O) 6 Maximum Lbs/MMSCF
- Inert Gas 10 Maximum % Volume
Sistem pipa transmisi dan
distribusi
RIGH OF WAY (ROW)
What is a right of way?
A right of way is an area of land protecting the natural gas
transmission pipelines that run beneath it. The right of way
is kept clear of major vegetation and obstructions in order
to ensure clear sightlines and easy access to the pipeline
for operation, maintenance and emergency response
purposes. The depths vary and must be confirmed
Source: Mohitpour
KLASIFIKASI TEKANAN GAS
PT National USULAN
NO KLASIFIKASI PT PGN
PERTAMINA Transmission KLASIFIKAS
. TEKANAN (bar)
(bar) System (England) I (kg/cm2)
1. Ekstra Tinggi >100
where
Qb = gas flow rate, mmscfd
∆H = elevation change, ft Qb ~ √ 1/f
G = gas gravity, Mgas/Mair
P1 = gas inlet pressure, psia
P2 = gas outlet pressure, psia
Qb ~ D2.5
L = pipe length, ft
f = friction coefficient, -
√ 1/f = transmission factor
D = inside diameter of the pipeline, inch
Source: Mohitpour
Source: Mohitpour
Formula Application
Formula Usage
Panhandle A (Partially Medium to large diameter, moderate gas flow
Turbulent) rate, medium to high pressure
AGA (Partially Medium diameter, medium flow rate and high
Turbulent) pressure
Panhandle B (Fully High flow rate and large diameter (more than
Turbulent) NPS 24), high pressure
Weymouth (Fully High flow rate, large diameter, high pressure, for
Turbulent) distribution network
AGA (Fully Turbulent) High pressure, high flow rate and medium to
large diameter pipeline
Colebrooke-White Partially and Fully Turbulent, suitable for
transition zone, large diameter, high pressure,
medium to high flow rate
Source: Mohitpour
Flow equation
∆ P vs. Qb
P12-P22 = K Qbn
K = Pipeline total resistance
= R x L, R resistance per foot of pipeline
L the length of pipeline in feet
Qb = Gas flow rate in base condition
n = flow-rate exponent
Flow Equation
- Resistance factor and flow-rate exponent
Source: Mohitpour
Flow Equation
-Impact of Molecular Weight and Compressibility
Source: Mohitpour
Impact of different parameter
on flow capacity
Source: Mohitpour
Pressure drop for pipeline in series
and parallel
P1 P2 P3 P4
D1 K1 Qb D2 K2 Qb D3 K3 Qb
P1 2- P22 = K1 Qbn
P12- P42 = Kt Qbn
P2 2- P32 = K2 Qbn
Kt = K 1 + K 2 + K 3
P32- P42 = K3 Qbn
Qb1 K1
Qb P1 D1 P2 Qb
P1 2- P22 = K2 Qb2n D2
Source: Mohitpour
Gas velocity and Erosional Velocity
Erosional velocity for compressible fluid
ue= C/0.5
P = (2St/D) x F x L x E x T
where
P = design pressure, lb/in2
S = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS), lb/in2
t = wall thickness, in
D= nominal outside diameter, in
F= design factor
E= longitudinal joint factor
L= location factor
T= Temperature derating factor
Source: Mohitpour
SMYS for Steel and Iron Pipe
SMYS for Steel and Iron Pipe
Pipeline Materials
1. Ensure that the material selected will perform safely, reliably,
and efficiently
Source: Mohitpour
Type of Materials
Steel Pipe
API 5L, ASTM A 53, ASTM A 106, ASTM A 134, ASTM A 135,
ASTM A 139, ASTM A 333, ASTM A 38, ASTM A 671, ASTM A
672
Iron Pipe
Ductile iron pipe manufactured in accordance with ANSI A21.52
Plastic Pipe
ASTM D 2513 - Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and
Fittings
ASTM D 2517 - Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and
Fittings