CONTROL CONCEPTS and

METHODS
11.2 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
It is a methodology for testing to see if an
operating system is in control.
Variation is inherent in the output characteristic
or condition of most processes.
Measurement is the key to evaluation in
Statistical Process Control.
-It is applied to system output for the purpose of
detecting difference between actual values and
ideal or target values.
11.2 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
Stable or probabilistic steady-state
pattern of variation exists when the
parameters of the statistical distribution
describing an operation remain constant
over time.
Nonsteady-state pattern of variation
exists when the mean or the variance of
the distribution describing the pattern
change with time.
11.2 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
In control – the sample falls within the
control limits.Only experiencing systematic
or “common cause” variation.
Out of control – the sample falls outside
the limits. Mean and variation are
changing due to identifiable or “special”
causes (usually controllable by those
running the operation).
11.2 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
Types of error when you use sampling:

• Type I error of probability α has been, if a

sample value falls outside the control
limits, and the process has not changed
- null hypothesis has been rejected
 Type I error

• Type I error of probability α has been, if a

sample value falls outside the control
limits, and the process has not changed
- null hypothesis has been rejected
 Type II error

• Type II error of probability β has been, if a

sample value falls within the limits and the
process has changed
- null hypothesis has not been rejected
 11.3 STATISTICAL CONTROL CHART
-it is a control device that uses
measurement information from a sensory
device and provides system change
information to an actuating device.

Charts are used in statistical process

control for conducting stability test.
 11.3 STATISTICAL CONTROL CHART

X¯ and R charts are used when the value

of characteristic can be measured.
P chart is used when the fraction of two-
valued characteristic is being measured
C chart is used when the overall number
of defects is being measured
 11.3.1 CONTROL CHARTS for Variables

Control Chart is a graphical representation of a

mathematical model used to monitor a random
variable process to detect changes in a parameter
of that process.
X chart is plot over time of sample means taken
from a process. It is primarily employed to detect
changes in the mean of the process from which
the samples came.
R chart is a plot over time of the ranges of these
same samples. It is employed to detect changes in
the dispersion of the process.
 CONSTRUCTING the X CHART

The mean of the sample means, X¯ is used

as an estimate of µ and is calculated as
𝒊=𝟏 x
σ𝒎
X¯ = 𝒎
and the subgroup range is calculated with
R=𝑿𝒎𝒂𝒙 -𝑿𝒎𝒊𝒏
And the mean of the sample ranges,
𝒊=𝟏 R
σ𝒎
R¯ =
𝒎
 CONSTRUCTING the X CHART
The expected ratio between the average
range, R¯ , and the standard deviation of the
process has been computed for various
sample sizes,n. This ratio is designated 𝒅𝟐
and is expressed as
R¯
𝒅𝟐 =
σ
 CONSTRUCTING the X CHART
Therefore, σ can be estimated from the
sample statistic R¯ as
R¯
σ=
𝒅𝟐
The control limits are normally set at ±3 σ
x¯, which results in the probability of making
a Type I error of 0.0027. Because
σ
σ x¯=
𝒏
CONSTRUCTING the X CHART

R¯
σ x¯=
𝒅𝟐 𝒏

𝟑R¯
3σ x¯=
𝒅𝟐 𝒏
UCLx¯ = X¯ + A𝟐 R¯
UCLx¯ = X¯ - A𝟐 R¯
CONSTRUCTING the R CHART
CONSTRUCTING the R CHART

UCLR = D𝟒 R¯

UCLR = D𝟑 R¯
CONSTRUCTING the R CHART
CONSTRUCTING the R CHART