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Series Circuits
Series Circuits
• Electric circuit
– Combination of sources and loads in manner that
allows charge to flow
– Obtains energy from either ac or dc source
• Elements in series
– Connect at a single point
• No other current-carrying connections at that point
Series Circuits (cont’d.)
• Series circuit
– Combines elements in series
• Current is the same
everywhere in a series
circuit
SERIES/PARALLEL RESISTOR
Resistors in series:
I R1 R2 RN
V1 V2 VN
VS
Resistance equivalent
VS
Req Req = R1 + R2 + ……….+ RN
CURRENT IN SERIES CIRCUIT
• Current in series circuit is same at all circuit
elements
I I1 I 2 I N
VOLTAGE IN SERIES CIRCUIT
• Voltage (VT) in series circuit is the total of
voltage for each elements.
VT V1 V2 .. VN
The Voltage Polarity Convention
Revisited
Equation 5-1
Equation 5-2
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (cont’d.)
Resistors in Series
• Complicated circuits
– Almost all can be simplified
• Resistors shown in Figure 5-10 can be replaced
with equivalent total resistance
Equation 5-4
Resistors in Series (cont’d.)
• Power dissipated by each resistor
Equation 5-7
Equation 5-8
Resistors in Series (cont’d.)
• Conservation of energy
– Power delivered equals power dissipated
Equation 5-9
Voltage Sources in Series
• Multiple voltage sources in series
– Add or subtract individual sources
• Consider polarities of voltage sources
– If all are voltage rises in a given direction:
• Resultant source determined by addition
– If not:
• Compare rises in one direction to rises in other
direction
Voltage Sources in Series (cont’d.)
• Example:
Figure 5-17
Interchanging Series Components
Figure 5-18
The Voltage Divider Rule
• Voltage drop across any series resistor
– Proportional to magnitude of the resistance
• Total voltage drop across all resistors
– Equal to applied voltage source(s)
The Voltage Divider Rule (cont’d.)
• Example:
Equation 5-10
Equation 5-11
Figure 5-21
• Problem: determine voltages across each
resistor
Figure 5-22
• Solution:
𝑅𝑇 = 6Ω + 12Ω + 7Ω = 25.0Ω
6Ω
𝑉1 = ∗ 18𝑉 = 4.32 𝑉
25Ω
12Ω
𝑉2 = ∗ 18𝑉 = 8.64 𝑉
25Ω
7Ω
𝑉3 = ∗ 18𝑉 = 5.04 𝑉
25Ω
The Voltage Divider Rule (cont’d.)
• General rule
– If series resistor is more than 100 times larger
than another series resistor:
• Effect of smaller resistor may be neglected
Circuit Ground
• Circuit ground
– Arbitrary electrical point of reference
• Chassis ground
– Metal chassis of an appliance often connected to
circuit ground
• Earth ground
– Connection bonded to the earth
Voltage Subscripts
• Double subscripts
– Voltage between two points expressed as Vab
• a: point of interest
• b: point of reference
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = −𝑉𝑏𝑎
Figure 5-28
Single Subscripts
• For a circuit with a reference point (or ground
point):
– A single subscript may be used
– Ground point is implied as the reference
• If voltage at various points is known with
respect to ground:
Equation 5-12
Point Sources
Figure 5-35
Point Sources (cont’d.)
• Solution:
Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources
Equation 5-13
exercises
• For each of the following series circuits, find the total
resistance, the total current and the total power use. Then
find the voltage drop across and the power used by each
individual resistor.