Synchronous Motors

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Synchronous Machine [2]
 Electrically identical with an alternator /
ac generator.
 Characteristic features:
◦ It runs at synchronous speed (while
running maintain synchronous speed).
◦ The only way to change its speed is to
vary the supply frequency (n = 120 f/P)
◦ It’s not inherently self-starting. It has to
be run up to synchronous speed.
◦ It’s capable of being operated under a
wide range of power factors.

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 Basic: The Rotating Field

Rotating magnetic field from 90o phased sinewaves.

As the 90o phased sinewaves, Figure above, progress from points (a)
through (d), the magnetic field rotates counterclockwise (figures a-d) as
follows:
(a) φ-1 maximum, φ-2 zero
(a') φ-1 70%, φ-2 70%
(b) φ-1 zero, φ-2 maximum
(c) φ-1 maximum negative, φ-2 zero
(d) φ-1 zero, φ-2 maximum negative
 Basic: The Rotating Field

Rotating magnetic field from 90o phased sinewaves.

As the 90o phased sinewaves, Figure above, progress from points (a)
through (d), the magnetic field rotates counterclockwise (figures a-d) as
follows:
(a) φ-1 maximum, φ-2 zero
(a') φ-1 70%, φ-2 70%
(b) φ-1 zero, φ-2 maximum
(c) φ-1 maximum negative, φ-2 zero
(d) φ-1 zero, φ-2 maximum negative
Basic: The Rotating Field

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Principle of Operation [2]
 Stator rotating field
◦ When a 3ph winding is fed by a 3ph supply, a
magnetic flux of constant magnitude rotating at
synchronous speed is produced.

 Rotor static field

◦ Field current IF produces steady-state magnetic
field.

 Therefore, there are two magnetic fields in the

machine,
 And the rotor field will tend to line up with the
stator field.

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Principle of Operation [2] (2)

 The stator and the rotor poles are attracting each other.
 -> the motor is assumed to be turning at synchronous
speed.

 So how can a synchronous motor be started?

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Method of Starting**
 The rotor (which yet unexcited) is speeded
up to synchronous / near synchronous
speed.
◦ Use an external prime mover to accelerate the
motor.
 Then it’s excited by dc source, the prime
mover is removed.

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**Loaded Synch Motor
 Review: DC motor
◦ DC motor running on V supply, a back emf Ea is induced in the
armature.
◦ Resultant voltage across armature is (V – Ea).
◦ Ia = (V-Ea)/Ra.

 Synchr Motor
◦ A back emf Ea is also induced in the armature which opposes the
applied voltage.
◦ Ea depends on excitation only**.
◦ Resultant voltage across armature is vector difference of (V – Ea)
◦ Ia = (V-Ea)/Z.

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 **Ea depends on excitation only.
◦ E = cnΦ
◦ n is constant because constrained by the input
power supply.
◦ Thus, E depends only on field current.
 Synchronous Motor
Equivalent Circuit

 A synch motor is the same in

all respects as a synch
generator, except:
◦ that the direction of power flow
is reversed.
◦ thus,the direction of current flow
in the stator as reversed also.

 VΦ = E + IaRa + jIaXs
 Synchronous Machines from a Magnetic
Field Perspective
 BR corresponds to EA.
 Bnet corresponds to VΦ.
**Loaded Synch Motor (2)

 Load Angle / Torque Angle

δ or α

 angle between VΦ and EA

angle between rotor field and net magnetic field.

 Because
◦ BR produces EA.
◦ Bnet produces VΦ.
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 Ex. 6-1a
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Power in Synch Generator

Pout  3Vph I a cos  E sin

I A cos  
XS

3Vph  E sin
P
XS
Effect of Load Changes [1]
 Review:
◦ Load angle / torque angle δ: the angle between
V and E or the angle between the rotor and net
magnetic fields.

◦ Motor back emf (E)

◦ Ra is ignored.

◦ Power component: E sin δ and Ia cos Φ

(directly proportional)
 Pout = 3Vph Ia cos Φ
 E sin δ*

 If a load is attached to the shaft of a synchronous

motor, the motor will develop enough torque to
keep the motor and the load turning at a
synchronous speed.

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Effect of Load Changes [1] (2)

 Examine a synchronous motor operating initially with a leading pf.

 If the load is increased, the rotor will initially slow down. -> δ
becomes larger -> induced torque increases.
 The increase in induced torque eventually speeds the rotor back up
-> motor again turns at synchronous speed but with a larger δ.

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Effect of Load Changes [1] (3)

 E=cnΦ;
◦ n is constrained to be constant by the input power supply.
◦ If is constant.
 Therefore E must be constant as the load changes.
 The distance proportional to power (E sin δ and Ia cos Φ) will increase
but magnitude of E must remain constant.
 As the load increases E swings down.
 As E swings down further, jIaXs has to increase.
 Therefore Ia also increases.
 Notice that the pf angle Φ changes too, becoming less leading and then
more lagging.
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 Ex. 6-1b
 Ex. 6-1c
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Effect of Field Current Changes [1] (1)
 We have seen load changes affect the motor.
 There’s one other quantity that can be adjusted: If.

 Consider a synchronous motor initially operating at a

lagging pf.
 When If↑, E↑, but doesn’t affect the real power supplied
by the motor.
◦ The power supplied by the motor changes only when the load
changes.

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Effect of Field Current Changes [1] (2)

 The power is constant.

 If↑, E↑, but the power is constant (E sin δ and Ia cos Φ is
constant).
 Notice that as the value of E increases, Ia first decreases
and then increases again.
 At low E, Ia is lagging.
◦ As the If↑, the pf becomes less lagging and then more leading.

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Effect of Field Current Changes [1] (3)

 V curve : A plot of Ia versus If for a synchronous motor.

 Several V curves corresponding to different power levels.
 For each curve, the minimum Ia occurs at unity power factor, when
only real power exists.
 For If less than If(:Ia min), Ia is lagging, consuming Q.
 For If more than If(:Ia min), Ia is leading, supplying Q.
 Therefore, by controlling the field current the reactive power
supplied to or consumed by the power system can be controlled.

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Synchronous Motor & pf correction

 A synch motor purchased to drive a load can be

operated overexcited to supply reactive power Q
for a power system.
 In fact, at some times it runs without any load.
 Such motors are often called synchronous
condenser or synchronous capacitor.
 Today, conventional static capacitors are more
economical to buy & use than synch capacitors.
 Synch Machines
 Synch generator
(supplying P) ->
◦ E lies ahead
of V.
 Synch motor
◦ E lies behind
V.
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Tugas Motor Sinkron

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Tugas Generator Sinkron

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