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• OBSERVATIONS
At lower velocities, the filament of the dye would pass through the
glass tube without mixing with water
At slightly increased velocities, the stream of the dye would begin to
waver
At higher velocities, the dye would mix completely with water
DEMONSTRATION OF THE DIFFERENT FLOW REGIMES
• INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
At lower velocities, the flow was laminar
At slightly increased velocities, the flow was in transition
At higher velocities, the flow was turbulent
DEMONSTRATION OF THE DIFFERENT FLOW REGIMES
• CRITERION OF FLOW
Reynolds was able to generalise his conclusions from his dye stream
experiment by the introduction of an expression governing the
conditions under which laminar and turbulent flows are expected to
exist.
This expression is known as the Reynolds number and is denoted by
Re. Thus
ud ud
Re
DEMONSTRATION OF THE DIFFERENT FLOW REGIMES
• CRITERION OF FLOW
Re helps to predict the change in flow type
‒ Re < 2000, flow is laminar
‒ Re > 4000, flow is turbulent
‒ 2000 < Re < 4000, transitional
Example
du P r
At r = 0 (the centre of the pipe), u =
dr L 2
umax, at r = R (the pipe wall) u = 0.
P r
or du dr P R 2
L 2 C
L 4
ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLOW
For smooth pipes, Blasius gave, for Reynolds numbers between 3000
and 100 000: 0.316
Re 0.25
EXPRESSIONS FOR THE DARCY FRICTION FACTOR,
1 3.7 D
Rough-wall turbulence: 2 log
ks
EXPRESSIONS FOR THE DARCY FRICTION FACTOR,