Industrial Plant Engineering

ME 522
GENERAL PIPING SYSTEM AND LAYOUT OF
INDUSTRIAL PLANT
OBJECTIVE
• To review piping system and its design.
• To be able to select pipes according to its
usage and purpose.
Piping system:
1) Major energy losses: The viscosity causes loss of energy in the flows, which is known as
frictional loss or major energy loss and it is calculated by the following formula;
(a)Darcy-weisbach formula
The loss of head can be measured by the following equations
hf =4f L V2 / (2gD)
Where hf = Loss of head due to friction
f = Co-efficient of friction which is a function of Reynolds number
f = 64/Re (for Re <2000) (laminar flow)
L = Length of pipe
V = mean velocity of flow
D = Diameter of pipe
2) Minor energy losses: The loss of energy due to change of velocity of the flowing fluid in
magnitude or direction is called minor loss of energy. The minor loss of energy includes the
following cases

(a) Sudden expansion of pipe:

The head loss due to sudden expansion equation is

he = (V1 -V2)2 /2g
Where V1 is the velocity at section 1
V2 is the velocity at section 2
(b)Sudden contraction of pipe:

The head loss due to sudden contraction equation is

hc =k (V22 /2g)
V2 is the velocity at section 2
(c) Bending in pipe:
The head loss due to bending equation is hb=k (V2 /2g)
Where V is the velocity of the flow.
k is the co-efficient of the bend ,which depends on the
angle of the bend, radius of curvature of bend and diameter of
the pipe
Note : For values of k:
Refer to tables of following books:
1. HYDRAULICS 5TH ED.
Chapter VII
By: H.W.KING,C.O WISLER, J.G. WOODBURN
2. Mechanical Handbook
Determination of the Piping Wall Thickness according to ASME
for pressure-integrity design:

• where t design minimum wall thickness required to ensure

pressure integrity, in
• P design pressure, psig
• D outside diameter of pipe, in
• S allowable stress, psi
• E weld joint efficiency factor (some codes also specify a casting
quality
• factor F for cast piping materials)
• y dimensionless factor which varies with temperature (table
304.1.1) ASME
 Table A-1. Basic alowable stresses in tension for metals (Page 157 - 161) de ASME B31.3-2002
14 Allowable stress as function of temperature [MPa]
TEMPERATURE °C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Spec & Grade Material 38 93 149 204 260 316 343 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 106 Gr. A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 106 Gr. B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 N/A N/A
A 106 Gr. C 160.6 160.6 160.6 157.9 148.9 135.8 133.8 132.4 102.0 82.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
A 134 Gr. A 285 Gr. A 103.4 100.7 97.9 94.5 89.6 81.4 80.0 79.3 71.0 62.1 53.8 45.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A
A 134 Gr. A 285 Gr. B 115.1 113.1 110.3 106.2 100.7 91.7 90.3 89.6 77.2 66.2 55.8 44.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A
A 134 Gr. 285 Gr. B 126.2 126.2 122.0 118.6 111.7 102.0 100.0 99.3 82.7 70.3 57.2 44.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A
A 135 Gr. A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 333 Gr. 6 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 N/A N/A
A 334 Gr. 6 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 N/A N/A
A 369 Gr. FPA 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 369 Gr. FPB 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 N/A N/A
A 53 Gr. Gr. A Type F 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
A 53 Gr. A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 53 Gr. B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 N/A N/A
AP5L Gr. A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
API5L Gr. A25 Butt weld 103.4 2861.3 1065.2 95.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
API5L Gr. A25 Smls 103.4 2861.3 1065.2 95.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
API5L Gr. B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 N/A N/A
API5L Gr. X42 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
API5L Gr. X46 144.8 144.8 144.8 144.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
API5L Gr. X52 151.7 151.7 151.7 151.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
API5L Gr. X56 163.4 163.4 163.4 163.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
ASME B31.3-2002 T a ble A-1. Ba sic a lowa ble stre sse s in te nsion for me ta ls (Pa ge 157 - 161)

Allowable stress as function of temperature [MPa]

TEMPERATURE °C
Material Spec Grade 38 93 149 204 260 316 343 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593
Type F A 53 Gr. A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3
A 53 A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 53 B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 106 A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A106 B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
A106 C 160.6 160.6 160.6 157.9 148.9 135.8 133.8 132.4 102.0 82.7
A 135 A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 333 6 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 334 6 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 369 FPA 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 369 FPB 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 381 Y35 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
API 5L A 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 102.0 100.0 99.3 73.8 64.1 54.5 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
Butt weld API 5L A25 103.4 2861.3 1065.2 95.1
Smls API 5L A25 103.4 2861.3 1065.2 95.1
API 5L B 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 113.8 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
API 5L X42 137.9 137.9 137.9 137.9
API 5L X46 144.8 144.8 144.8 144.8
API 5L X52 151.7 151.7 151.7 151.7
API 5L X56 163.4 163.4 163.4 163.4
A 285 Gr. A A 134 … 103.4 100.7 97.9 94.5 89.6 81.4 80.0 79.3 71.0 62.1 53.8 45.5
A 285 Gr. A A 672 A45 103.4 100.7 97.9 94.5 89.6 81.4 80.0 79.3 71.0 62.1 53.8 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
285 Gr. B A 134 115.1 113.1 110.3 106.2 100.7 91.7 90.3 89.6 77.2 66.2 55.8 44.8 0.0 0.0
A 285 Gr. B A 672 A 50 115.1 113.1 110.3 106.2 100.7 91.7 90.3 89.6 77.2 66.2 55.8 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 285 Gr. B A 134 126.2 126.2 122.0 118.6 111.7 102.0 100.0 99.3 82.7 70.3 57.2 44.8
A 516 Gr. 60 A 671 CC60 137.9 134.4 136.5 126.2 119.3 108.9 106.9 106.2 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 515 Gr. 60 A 671 C860 137.9 134.4 136.5 126.2 119.3 108.9 106.9 106.2 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 515 Gr. 61 A 672 B60 137.9 134.4 136.5 126.2 119.3 108.9 106.9 106.2 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 516 Gr. 62 A 672 C60 137.9 134.4 136.5 126.2 119.3 108.9 106.9 106.2 89.6 74.5 60.0 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 516 Gr. 65 A 671 CC65 149.6 146.9 142.7 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 115.8 95.8 78.6 62.1 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 515 Gr. 65 A 671 C865 149.6 146.9 142.7 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 115.8 95.8 78.6 62.1 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 515 Gr. 65 A 672 B65 149.6 146.9 142.7 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 115.8 95.8 78.6 62.1 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 516 Gr. 65 A 672 C65 149.6 146.9 142.7 137.9 130.3 119.3 117.2 115.8 95.8 78.6 62.1 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 516 GR. 70 A 671 CC70 159.3 155.1 149.6 141.3 335.8 126.9 126.2 102.0 82.7 64.1 44.8 31.0 17.2
A 515 GR. 70 A 671 CB70 159.3 155.1 149.6 141.3 335.8 126.9 126.2 102.0 82.7 64.1 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 515 GR. 70 A 672 B70 159.3 155.1 149.6 141.3 335.8 126.9 126.2 102.0 82.7 64.1 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
A 516 GR. 70 A 672 C70 159.3 155.1 149.6 141.3 335.8 126.9 126.2 102.0 82.7 64.1 44.8 31.0 17.2 11.0 6.9
ASME B31.3-2002 T a ble A-1. Ba sic a lowa ble stre sse s in te nsion for me ta ls (Pa ge 157 - 161)

Allowable stress as function of temperature [ksi]

1 ksi = 6.89476 Mpa TEMPERATURE °C
38 93 149 204 260 316 343 371 399 427 454 482 510 538 566 593
Temperature °F
Material Spec Grade 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
Type F A 53 Gr. A 16 16 16 16 16 -
A 53 A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 53 B 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 106 A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A106 B 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A106 C 23.3 23.3 23.3 22.9 21.6 19.7 19.4 19.2 14.8 12 -
A 135 A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 333 6 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 334 6 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 369 FPA 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 369 FPB 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 381 Y35 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
API 5L A 16 16 16 16 16 14.8 14.5 14.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
Butt weld API 5L A25 15 415 154.5 13.8 c
Smls API 5L A25 15 415 154.5 13.8 -
API 5L B 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
API 5L X42 20 20 20 20 v
API 5L X46 21 21 21 21
API 5L X52 22 22 22 22
API 5L X56 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7
A 285 Gr. A A 134 … 15 14.6 14.2 13.7 13 11.8 11.6 11.5 10.3 9 7.8 6.6
A 285 Gr. A A 672 A45 15 14.6 14.2 13.7 13 11.8 11.6 11.5 10.3 9 7.8 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 285 Gr. B A 134 16.7 16.4 16 15.4 14.6 13.3 13.1 13 11.2 9.6 8.1 6.5 -
A 285 Gr. B A 672 A 50 16.7 16.4 16 15.4 14.6 13.3 13.1 13 11.2 9.6 8.1 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
285 Gr. B A 134 18.3 18.3 17.7 17.2 16.2 14.8 14.5 14.4 12 10.2 8.3 6.5 -
A 516 Gr. 60 A 671 CC60 20 19.5 19.8 18.3 17.3 15.8 15.5 15.4 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 515 Gr. 60 A 671 C860 20 19.5 19.8 18.3 17.3 15.8 15.5 15.4 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 515 Gr. 61 A 672 B60 20 19.5 19.8 18.3 17.3 15.8 15.5 15.4 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 516 Gr. 62 A 672 C60 20 19.5 19.8 18.3 17.3 15.8 15.5 15.4 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 516 Gr. 65 A 671 CC65 21.7 21.3 20.7 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.8 13.9 11.4 9 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 515 Gr. 65 A 671 C865 21.7 21.3 20.7 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.8 13.9 11.4 9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 515 Gr. 65 A 672 B65 21.7 21.3 20.7 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.8 13.9 11.4 9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 516 Gr. 65 A 672 C65 21.7 21.3 20.7 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.8 13.9 11.4 9 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 516 GR. 70 A 671 CC70 23.1 22.5 21.7 20.5 48.7 18.4 18.3 14.8 12 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 -
A 515 GR. 70 A 671 CB70 23.1 22.5 21.7 20.5 48.7 18.4 18.3 14.8 12 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 515 GR. 70 A 672 B70 23.1 22.5 21.7 20.5 48.7 18.4 18.3 14.8 12 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
A 516 GR. 70 A 672 C70 23.1 22.5 21.7 20.5 48.7 18.4 18.3 14.8 12 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
MATERIAL HANDLING:
is the movement, protection, storage and control
of materials and products throughout
manufacturing, warehousing, distribution,
consumption and disposal.

 The primary objective of a material

handling system is to reduce the unit cost of
production. The other
subordinate objectives are: Reduce
manufacturing cycle time.
BELT CONVEYORS:
Belt capacity:
Nomenclature of components of a typical belt
conveyor
TYPICAL BELT CONVEYOR TRAVEL PATHS
Design Considerations
• Characteristics and Conveyability of Bulk Materials
• Capacities, Belt Widths, and Speeds
• Belt Conveyor Idlers
• Belt Tension, Power, and Drive Engineering
• Belt Selection
• Pulleys and Shafts
• Vertical Curves
• Steep Angle Conveying
• Belt Takeups, Cleaners, and Accessories
• Conveyor Loading and Discharge
• Conveyor Motor Drives and Controls
• Operation, Maintenance, and Safety