• polynomial equation of the first

degree. It is an equation of the

form y = mx + b. The term
“linear” stems from the fact
that the graph of such an
equation is a straight line.
• The general form of a linear
equation is Ax + By +C = 0, where
A, B, and C are constants and A and
B are not both zero.
• To graph a line, we generate a pair
of points using its equation and
then connect the two points.
• The slope of a line describes its
incline. The higher the value of the
slope, the steeper the incline is.
• The slope is also defined as a rate of
change – the ratio of change in y
coordinate (∆y, read as delta y) to the
change in x coordinate (∆x) between
any two points on the line.
• If the line is not vertical and (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) are distinct points on
the line, then the slope of the line
is
∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎= =
∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
• The slope of a horizontal line is
zero while that of a vertical line is
not defined.
• Two non-vertical lines are parallel
if and only if m1 = m2. two lines are
perpendicular if and only if m1 m2 =
-1.
• Slope-intercept form
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
m – slope
b – y-intercept
• Two-point form
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
• Point-slope form
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

• Intercept form
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
a – x-intercept
b – y-intercept
1. Graph the line with the given
2
slope of 𝑚 = and passing
3
through the point (1,4).
2. Find the slope and y-intercept of
each of the following lines:
a. 2x – y = 4 b. y – 5 = 4 (x + 1)
x y
c. − =1
3 2
3. Find an equation of the line
described in each of the following
items. Express answers in slope-
intercept form
a) Through (4,3) and (2,5)
b) Through (3,2), slope 3
c) Slope 4, y-intercept 2
d) x-intercept -2, y-intercept 7
4. Are the following pairs of lines
parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
a) 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −5
b) 5𝑥 + 15y = 8
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1
c) 7𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 16
−21𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 24
• Quadratic Curves are plane curves
whose rectangular Cartesian
coordinates satisfy a second-
degree algebraic equation:
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
where A, B, C, D, E, and F are
constants, and at least one of A, B,
and C is nonzero.
The graphs of this equation for various
choices of the coefficients are obtainable
by getting the intersection of a plane and
a right circular cone. Hence, these curves
are called conic sections.
• A parabola is the set of all points in
a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line. The
fixed point is called the focus, and
the fixed line is called the directrix.
• The midpoint of the perpendicular
segment from the focus to the
directrix is called the vertex. The line
passing through the vertex and the
focus is called the axis of symmetry.
• The standard form of the equation
of a parabola with vertex at (h, k)
and focus at (h+p, k) is
𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒌) = 𝟒𝒑 𝒙 − 𝒉
• Such parabolas open to the right if
p>0 and open to the left if p<0.
• The standard form of the equation
of a parabola with vertex at (h, k)
and focus at (h, k+p) is
𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) = 𝟒𝒑 𝒚 − 𝒌
• The parabolas open upward if p>0
and open downward if p<0.
Illustration:
Reduce the equation of the
2
parabola 𝑦 − 6𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 1 = 0 to
standard form.
Example:
Find the equation of the parabola
with vertex at (0,0) and focus at (0,-5).
• An ellipse is the set of all points in
a plane such that the sum of the
distances of each point from two
fixed points is the same. The fixed
points are called the foci.
• The midpoint of the line segment
between the foci is the center. The
intersection of the ellipse and the line
joining the foci are the vertices. The
line segment between the vertices is
called the major axis. The line
segment perpendicular to the major
axis and intercepted by the ellipse is
the minor axis.
Additional notes:
• The center, foci, and vertices are all on the
major axis.
• a is the distance from the center to each
vertex. c is the distance from the center to
each focus. b is the distance from the center
to an end of the minor axis.
• 𝒂𝟐 > 𝒃𝟐 . If a = b, we have a circle.
• 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
• The standard form of the equation
of an ellipse with center at (h, k) and
major axis parallel to the x-axis is
(𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌) 𝟐
+ = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
• The vertices are at (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘), the
foci at (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘), and the ends of
the minor axis at ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏 .
• The standard form of the equation
of an ellipse with center at (h, k) and
major axis parallel to the y-axis is
(𝒚 − 𝒌) 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐
+ = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
• The vertices are at (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎), the
foci at (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐), and the ends of
the minor axis at ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘 .
Illustration:
1. Reduce the equation of the ellipse
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟓𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎 to
standard form.
2. Reduce 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎
to standard form.
Example:
Find the equation of the ellipse
with center at (0,0), major axis on y-
axis, length of major axis is 6, and
length of minor axis is 2.
• A hyperbola is the set of all points
in a plane such that the difference
of the distances of each point from
two fixed points is a constant.
• The fixed points are called the foci and the line
passing through them is the transverse axis.
The midpoint of the line segment between the
foci is the center. The intersection of the
hyperbola and the line joining the foci are the
vertices. The line segment containing the
vertices is called the transverse axis. The line
segment of length 2b passing through the
center and perpendicular to the transverse axis
is the conjugate axis.
• The standard form of the equation
of a hyperbola with center at (h, k)
and transverse axis parallel to the x-
axis is
(𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌) 𝟐
+ = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
• The foci are at (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) and the
vertices are at ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘 .
• The standard form of the equation
of a hyperbola with center at (h, k)
and transverse axis parallel to the y-
axis is
(𝒚 − 𝒌) 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐
+ = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
• The foci are at (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) and the
vertices are at ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎 .
Additional notes:
• The center, foci, and vertices are all
on the transverse axis.
• a is the distance from the center to
each vertex. c is the distance from
the center to each focus.
• 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
Illustration:
Find the equation of the hyperbola
with vertices at (5,-3) and (-1,-3) and
focus at (7,-3).