Beruflich Dokumente
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ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY
MEASURING GROUND
MOTION
MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
12
Strong Ground Motion Parameters – Data Processing Dr. Sinan Akkar
Modern seismic
monitoring
Modern Seismometers
• A conductive (metallic) mass is decoupled from
surrounding magnets inside a protective casing.
It is not possible to make one single instrument covering this range of values and instruments with
different gain and frequency response are used for different ranges of frequency and amplitude. Sensors
are labeled e.g. short period (SP), long period (LP) or strong motion. Today, it is possible to make
instruments with a relatively large dynamic and frequency range (so called broad band instruments
(BB) or very broad band (VBB)) and the tendency is to go in the direction of increasing both the
dynamic and frequency range.
Damping oscillator
constants:
h d
2mω0
k
ω0
m
z(t)= y(t)-x(t) relative displacement
Damping force
Kz dz mz mx
Spring force my
z 2h0 z 02 z x
Asymptotic Response for ω0 Small and Large
Oscillator equation:
z 2hω0 z ω02 z x
For f 0 0 :
z x
A displacement meter
For f 0 :
z 1 ω02 x
An acceleration meter
Mechanical sensor
z 2h0 z 02 z x
x(t ) X ( )e jt
Td ( )
Z ( )
2
2
X ( ) 0 2 20 hj
z (t ) Z ( )e jt
2
Ad ( ) Td ( )
x U ( )e
2 jt 2
0
2 2
4h 2 202
z j Z ( )e jt
Im Td ( ) 1 2 h0
d ( ) tan
1
tan 2
z 2 Z ( )e jt Re Td ( )
0 2
Z ( ) 1
Ta ( )
2 X ( ) 02 2 20 hj
Z 1
Aa ( ) Ta ( )
A
02 2 4h2 202
2
From displacement to velocity and to
acceleration: divide by the frequency
(remove a zero from the origin)
• Y = 2g = 2*981 cm/s/s
• N = 12 bits
Q = .96 cm/s2
DR = 66 db
• N = 24 bits
Q = 0.00023 cm/s2
DR = 138 db
Magnification curves
35
Not shown: broadband (0.02—DC sec)
Seismic Sensors and Seismometry, Prof. E. Wielandt, Dr. C. Milkereit
From New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice- P. Bormann Editor
Analogue and Digital Records of small earthquake from
Adjacent Instruments at Procisa Nuova (Italy)
N earthquake
Original
Coordinate
seismometer System
W E
S
Components of Motion
There are simple mathematical operations that allow
seismologists to rotate (abstractly) the horizontal components:
Modified
Transverse N earthquake
Coordinate System