KFUPM PYP001 (Term 182)

Chapter 14.1: Matter &

Thermal Energy
Listen! the friends (awliyaa) of Allah shall have
no fear, nor shall they grieve – those who have
believed and have been fearful of Allah.
Surah Yunus, Ayaat 62 – 63

Prepared By:
Abul Lais
 14.1 Matter &
Thermal Energy
Read textbook
p432 – 439
 Introduction to Matter & Energy

Q: What is matter?
A: Anything that takes up space and has mass.
In simple words, EVERYTHING!
Q: What states of matter are there?
A: Solid, liquid, gas ( … & plasma)
Q: What determines a material’s state of matter?
1. Motion of particles (KE)
2. Strength of attraction between particles (PE)
 Introduction to Matter & Energy

Q: How does a substance change its state of matter?

A: By gaining/losing heat (= thermal energy).
Gaining heat = melting/boiling
Losing heat = condensing/freezing
 Sublimation
Energy absorbed & Temp. rises

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Solid  Liquid  Gas

 Matter & Changes of State

Solid  Liquid  Gas

 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Solid

• Particles are closely-packed

together
• vibrate about their fixed
positions (very low KE)
• Definite shape and definite
volume
• Most solids are crystals, i.e.
particles have specific
geometric arrangements (Click to play video)
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Liquid
(Click to play video)
• Particles constantly moving,
not as quickly as in gas.
• Less KE than gas.
• Small PE (attraction): particles
slide past each other, allowing
liquid to flow & take
container’s shape (no fixed
shape)
• Non-zero PE: particles cling
together (fixed volume)
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Results & Discussion

• Very far apart, constantly moving

freely at high speeds in random
directions.
• No fixed shape or volume, gas expand
to fill its container.
• “Kinetic theory” explains how gas
particles behave
 Kinetic Theory

1. All matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms,

molecules, ions etc.)
2. These particles are in constant random motion.
3. The particles collide with each other and with the
walls of the container
4. The amount of energy that the particle lose from
these collisions is negligible.
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Melting

• During melting, heat is added to a solid

• The solid particles vibrate so fast that they break free
from their fixed positions
• Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid
becomes a liquid.
• Heat of Fusion: amount of energy required to change
the substance from Solid to Liquid at its melting point.
 Melting

(Click
to play
video)
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Vaporizing

• liquid  gas
• when liquid particles move fast enough to escape
attractive force of other particles
• 2 types – Boiling & Evaporation
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a Liquid becomes
a gas.
• Heat of Vaporization: amount of energy required to change
the substance from Liquid to gas at its boiling point.
 Boiling vs Evaporation

Evaporation Boiling
Where it happens? Only on Surface Throughout entire liquid
What temperature? At any temperature At boiling point

How fast? Slow Fast

Any bubbles? No bubbles form Many bubbles form
 Boiling vs Evaporation

Boiling (Click to play videos) Evaporation

 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Condensing

• Opposite of vaporizing
• Thermal energy removed from gas (Heat of vaporization)
• Gas  liquid
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Freezing

• Opposite of melting
• Thermal energy taken out from liquid (Heat of fusion)
• Particles become ordered (solid)
 Freezing

(Click
to play
video)
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Sublimation

• The process of a solid (Click to play video)

changing directly to a
gas without forming a
liquid.
• Happens at certain
pressures for only
some substances
• E.g. dry ice (solid CO2),
iodine crystals
 Matter & Changes of State

Energy absorbed & Temp. rises Sublimation

Melt Vaporize

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze Condense
Energy released & Temp. falls
 Heating Curve

Basic ideas: a heating curve has FIVE steps

Temperature

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

Start from coldest (lowest temperature) – solid – as temp.

rises, solid is getting hotter until…
Temperature

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

… until we reach melting point (some solid starts to become liquid)

Temperature

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

Temperature

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

During melting some solid becomes liquid, some still solid, so mix
of solid + liquid
Temperature

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

When all solid has melted, we have liquid only! Liquid keeps
getting hotter…
Temperature

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

Liquid keeps getting hotter … until reach boiling point

Temperature

Boiling
point

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

During boiling some liquid becomes gas, some still liquid, so mix of
liquid + gas
Temperature

Boiling
point

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

The boiling process continues until ALL liquid already become gas,
so ONLY gas
Temperature

Boiling
point

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

If we continue heating, the gas just keeps getting hotter (i.e. gas
temp. rises)
Temperature

Boiling
point

Melting
point

Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

Temperature

gas

Boiling Liquid + gas

point

Melting Solid + liquid liquid

point

Solid Heat added

OR Time
 Energy of molecules

A
• molecule has 2 types of thermal energy (KE + PE)

Total thermal energy of a molecule = KE + PE

KE = movement of molecule flying about (Temp. KE)

PE = attractive force on molecule by other molecule
The 2 most important rules:
When temp. is changing, KE is changing
When state is changing, PE is changing
 Heating Curve

Think: Why does temp. remain fixed during state change???

During state change (e.g. melting/boiling), attractive forces between
the molecules (from one molecule to another) is being broken
i.e. PE is increasing, so no energy left to increase the KE
So KE remain fixed  temp. doesn’t change, during state change
Temp changing? Yes No
KE  
PE  
 Heating Curve

Temp changing? Yes No

KE  
Temperature PE  

KE

Boiling PE
point

Melting PE KE
point

KE Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve
Combining both issues just discussed (state of matter & thermal
energy), we get the following detailed graph…
Temperature

gas
Liquid + gas KE
Boiling
point
KE PE
Melting Solid + liquid liquid
point PE
KE
Solid Heat added
OR Time
 Heating Curve

As for the axis, there are 2 major issues:

1. The x and y axis can be FLIPPED (compare both below)
2. The time = heat added (look at any one graph from below)
Heat added
Temp. OR Time

Heat added
OR Time Temp.
 Heating Curve

First issue: x and y axis can be FLIPPED (compare both below)

Heat added
Temperature OR Time

Boiling point

Melting point

Temperature
Heat added
OR Time Melting point Boiling point
 Heating Curve
•Second issue: time = heat added (compare x axis of both graphs below)
Energy (or Heat) = Power x Time  (Remember: E = Pt) 

Energy is directly proportional to time

Temperature Temperature

Boiling point Boiling point

Melting point Melting point

Heat added Time

 Thermal expansion

• When heated, matter gain thermal energy

• particles vibrate more, so object expands in all directions
• when temp. falls, particles vibrate less
• material becomes smaller (contract)

Heating

Cooling
 Thermal expansion

• E.g. thermometers, hot-air balloon

•Now read pg 437

 Density of Water

• Water is a very special molecule

• has highly +ve (H) & highly –ve (O)
areas  strong H-bonds
• 100 °C  4 °C: contracts, volume
decreases & density increase
• 4 °C  0 °C: expands, volume
increases & density decrease
 Density of Water
• below 4 °C, strong
hydrogen bonds form
• atoms become
further apart from
each other
• volume increase &
density decrease for
4 °C  0 °C
 Density of Water

Temperature Density Volume Behavior

100 °C  4 °C increase decrease Like normal
4 °C  0 °C decrease increase Very special

• Upon cooling, density increases & reaches maximum at 4 °C.

• Below 4 °C, density decrease.
• So water has maximum density at 4 °C.
 Density of Water

Denser water sink. All 4 °C water sinks to river bottom even if top
layer is frozen. fish live safely near river bottom without freezing.

0 °C ice

4 °C water:
Fish live here
 Density of Water

For density, we have maximum and for volume we have a minimum

at ~ 4 °C.
 Beyond gas – plasma

• A plasma is a matter that has enough energy to overcome

not just the attractive forces between its particles but also
the attractive forces within its atoms.
• Electrons is stripped from atoms to form plasma
• A plasma is an ionized gas. Most matter in space/universe
is in plasma state. Normal matter is very rare.
• E.g. sun, stars, lightning
• Now read pg 436
 Solid or liquid?

• Amorphous Solids: lacks a crystalline arrangement

• Examples: Rubber, glass, wax butter
• No definite melting temperature
• generally softens into a liquid over a range of temperature
• Liquid crystals:…

•Read p438 - 439

Read textbook
p432 – 439
Old-exam
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Read textbook
p432 – 439
 The End of
the Beginning