HOLLOW   PRISM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

teacher   Deepika Pardeshi as well as our principal P.Vamshi
Krishna who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic of Hollow Prism, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
CONTENTS
1.AIM
2.APPARATUS REQUIRED
3.THEORY
4.PROCEDURE
5.OBSERVATIONS
6.CONCLUSIONS
7.PRECAUTIONS
8.BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using hollow a
prism

APPARATUS REQUIRED
-Hollow glass prism
-Various liquids like water ,carbon disulfide, benzaldehyde etc.
-Bell pins
-Drawing board
 THEORY
     In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with
flat, polished surfaces that refract light. At least two of the
flat surfaces must have an angle between them. The exact
angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular
prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use "prism" usually refers to this type. Some types
of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric
prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed.
Typical materials include glass, plastic, and fluorite.
      The refractive index of liquid is given by formula:
      U = sini/sinr = sin(a+d/2)/sin(a/2)
      Where, U=refractive index of liquid ,a=angle of minimum
deviation ,
      D= angle of prism , I= angle of incidence , r= angle of
refraction
 FLUIDS REFRACTIVE
INDEX
WATER 1.33

GLYCERINE 1.47

ETHYL ALCHOL 1.36

VEGETABLE OIL 1.45

ACETONE 1.36

HCL 1.34
PROCEDURE
1.Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of drawing pins.
2.Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
3.Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4.Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they
appear to be in the straight line.
5.Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the marked outline ABC.
6.Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be in same
line.
7.Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
8.Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
9.Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.
OBSERVATION
BENZALDEHYDE
Sr Angle of prism Angle of Angle of
no. incidence deviation
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45
U=sin(60+40/2)sin(30)
=1.504

WATER
Sr Angle of prism Angle of Angle of
no. incidence deviation
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
U=sin(60+22/2)sin30
=1.306
Dil.Sulfuric acid
Sr Angle of Angle of Angle of
no prism incidence deviation
.
1 60 20 33
2 60 25 30
3 60 30 25
4 60
U=sin(60+25/2)sin(30) 35 29
5 60 40 30
=1.351
HCL
Sr Angle of Angle of Angle of
no. prism incidence deviation
1 60 35 24
2 60 40 30
3 60 45 25
4 60 50 26
5 60 55 28
U=sin(60+24/2)sin30
=1.34

ETHYL ALCHOL
Sr Angle of prism Angle of Angle of
no. incidence deviation
1 60 35 26
2 60 40 25
3 60 45 25
4 60 50 26
5 60 55 27
U=sin(60+27/2)sin(30)
=1.36
 RESULT
The refractive index of benzaldehyde
Actual : 1.5456
Calculated : 1.504

The refractive index of water

Actual : 1.333
Calculated : 1.306

Th refractive index of sulfuric acid

Actual : 1.355
Calculated : 1.351

The refractive index of Hcl

Actual : 1.34
Calculated : 1.34
The refractive index of ethyl alchol
Actual : 1.34
Calculated : 1.36
PRECAUTIONS

1.Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.

2.Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line.

3.Distance between two points should not be less than 10mm.

4.Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.

5.Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and incident ray.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.scribd.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism

https://www.britannica.com/technology/prism-optics

http://www.arborsci.com/Data_Sheets/33-0235_DS.pdf