PRESENTATION OF

ADVANCED FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
NISARG D. BHAVSAR
FACULTY ADVISOR: PROF. SATYEN RAMANI
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE ENGINEERING
SAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
 RESEARCH PAPER I
Analysis of Combined rectangular footing by Winkler’s
Model and Finite Element Method

C. G. Konapure and Bhogade Vivek

ISSN: 2277-3754
 INTRODUCTION
Foundation is a structural member, made of brick work, masonry or
concrete a structure which carries the entire load from superstructure and
it will distribute the load on soil bellow it.
The strength, stability & support of structure are fully dependent on
foundation. If some parts of superstructure fail, then repairs,
modifications, additions & alterations are possible to save the structure,
but in case of foundation failure it is much difficult and very costly.
 METHODOLOGY
ANALYSIS OF FOOTING
To get safe and economic sizes of footing we have to analyzes the footing accurately. To perform
an analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as structural loads, geometry,
support conditions, and materials properties.
In the present study Finite Element Analysis of combine footing using Winkler Model will be
carried out. The objective of this study is to obtain displacement, base pressure, shear force and
bending moment.
Winkler suggested in his book to analyze the rails as an infinite beam with the stiffness E
(Young's Modulus), J (M.I. of cross-section of beam) supported by the foundation being which is
consist of continuous closely spaced, independent linear springs.
 FORMULATION OF FINITE ELEMENT
METHOD FOR COMBINED FOOTING
To analyze the footing by finite element method, firstly discretize the given problem. In the
figure below it is shown that the given footing is divided into three number of elements.

 The Stiffness matrix for each element that is local stiffness matrix then combine it and find out
global stiffness matrix. With the value of [k] we can get the deformation at various nodal points.
 ANALYSIS OF COMBINED RECTANGULAR
FOOTING
Assuming that the footing is resting on clayey medium Dance soil having safe bearing capacity
250 kN/m2 and Kp (sub grade reaction by Plate load test) equal to 50000 kN/m3 According to
Terzaghi (1955) Applying correction to Kp

Now, Discretizing the given Problem into three No of elements and four nodal points taking
member length (h) = 2.5 m. After discretizing the problem, calculate the Local and Global
Stiffness Matrix Add the stiffness contribution of springs at Proper location, and get final
stiffness matrix [k]. Find the consistent Nodal load vectors for each Element and arrange it
properly to get Vector matrix {F}.
FOR DEFORMATION δ=F X K⁻¹
 CONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS OF
RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING
Calculation of Shear force and Bending Moment as per rigid (conventional) method Calculating
Upward Soil Pressure per meter length as Uniformly Distributed Load.
 w = Total Load / length of footing
 SUMMARY OF STRENGTH
 In rigid analysis bearing pressure is low as compared to flexible analysis. Pressure
variation is uniform in rigid analysis where as non- uniform or non-linear in flexible
analysis.
The Bending moment gives higher value as compared to flexible analysis. Maximum
bearing pressure obtained from flexible analysis is less than assumed allowable bearing
pressure. Hence, the analysis is valid.
For more accurate analysis it is suggested to analyse the combined footings with
minimum 100 element, but 500 element analysis will gives more praise analyse.
It is observed that increase in modulus of subgrade reaction will results in reduction of
bending moment but increment in soil pressure therefore while taking value of Kf, plate
load test should be carried out at each and every foundation location to determine
accurate value of Kf.
 FUTURE SCOPE
The study can be extended for trapezoidal footing and Strap footing, with or without Moment
on one or both column.
 REASEARCH PAPER II
Design of boundary combined footings of
rectangular shape using a new model
Arnulfo Luévanos-Rojas
University of Durango State, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México
 INTRODUCTION
The foundation is the part of the structure which transmits the loads to the soil. Each building
demands the need to solve a problem of foundation. The foundations are classified into shallow
and deep, which have important differences: in terms of geometry, the behavior of the soil, its
structural functionality and its constructive systems.
Shallow foundations may be of various types according to their function; isolated footing,
combined footing, strip footing, or mat foundation.
A combined footing is a long footing supporting two or more columns in (typically two) one row.
The combined footing may be rectangular, trapezoidal or Tee-shaped in plan.
Rectangular footing is provided when one of the projections of the footing is restricted or the
width of the footing is restricted.
This paper presents a full mathematical model for the design of boundary combined footings to
obtain: 1) Moments 2) Bending shear; 3) Punching shear for footings which support a boundary
column and other inner column subject to axial load and moment in two directions.
 METHODOLOGY
General Condition
The general equation for any type of footings subjected to bidirectional bending is as follows:

where, σ= the stress exerted by the soil on the footing

A=contact area of footing
p=axial load applied at the centre of gravity
Mx=moment around X-axis
My=moment around Y-axis
Iy&Ix=moment of inertia
Cx= the distance in the direction “X” measured from the axis “Y” up to the farthest end
Cy= the distance in direction “Y” measured from the axis “X” up to the farthest end
 METHODOLOGY
NEW MODEL
A combined footing due to the equivalent loads. The mechanical elements of the components
P1, Mx1, My1 are equivalent to a normal force “P1” acting on the point with coordinates (ex1,
ey1), and for the components of P2, Mx2, My2 are equivalent to a normal force “P2” acting on
the point with coordinates (ex2, ey2).

The sum of moments around the axis “X1” is obtained to find “yR” and the resultant force is
made to coincide with the gravity center of the area of the footing with the position of the
resultant force in the direction “Y”, therefore there is not moment around the axis “X” and the
value of “yc” is zero, “xR = xc” is the sum of moments around the axis “Y” divided by the
resultant, which is Substitute value in above equation.
 MODEL TO OBTAIN THE BENDING
MOMENTS
Critical sections for bending moments are shown in figure, these are presented in sections a1’-
a1’, a2’-a2’, b’-b’, c’c’, d’-d’ and e’-e’.
For moment around the axis a1’-a1’

Similarly we can find other movements

The critical section for the punching shear appears at a distance “d/2” starting the junction of
the column with the footing in the two directions.
The critical section for the punching shear appears at a distance “d/2” starting the junction of
the column with the footing in the two directions.
 PROCEDURE OF DESIGN
The mechanical elements (P, Mx, My) acting on the footing is obtained by the sum of: the dead
loads, live loads and accidental loads (wind or earthquake) from each of these effects.
The available load capacity the soil “σadm”
The value of “a” is selected according to the following equation:
The mechanical elements (P, Mx, My) acting on the footing are factored.
The bending moments acting on the combined footing are obtained.
The effective depth “d” for the maximum moment is found by the following expression
Punching shear (shear force bidirectional) resisted by the concrete
The main reinforcement steel “Asp”.
The development length in tension of deformed bars “ld” is expressed
 SUMMARY OF STRENGTH
The foundation is a part essential of a structure, because permits the transmission of
loads from the structure to the soil.
The mathematical approach suggested in this paper produces results that have a
tangible accuracy for all problems, main part of this research for find the solution more
economical.
The proposed model presented in this paper for the structural design of boundary
combined footings subjected to an axial load and moment in two directions, also it can
be applied to others cases: 1) The footings subjected to a concentric axial load, 2) The
footings subjected to a axial load and moment in one direction.
 RESEARCH GAP
The model presented in this paper applies only for design of boundary combined
footings, the structural member is assumed to be rigid and the supporting soil layers
elastic, which meet expression of the bidirectional bending, i.e., the variation of
pressure is linear.
 FURTHER RESEARCH
It can prestained on another type of soil by example in totally cohesive soils (clay soils)
and totally granular soils (sandy soils), the pressure diagram is not linear and should be
treated differently.