Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fundamentals
Operating System
System that allows users or the application programs
they are using to interact with the computer hardware in
an easy and convenient manner.
Major Function of an OS
It creates a virtual machine interface between the
user/application program and the hardware.
It acts as the computer’s resource manager or resource
allocator.
It functions as the program launcher.
Two Parts of OS
User make
Kernel – is the heart Computer User
a request
and soul of the to the OS
through
operating system Shell checks user’s
the shell
request for validity
and correctness
Shell
and then passes it
Shell – is the part of to the kernel
the operating Operating
Kernel
system that serves System
as the interface
between users and Kernel performs
the kernel. requested service
Communication
Two processes often require data to be transferred
between them
Both the processes can be on one computer or on
different computers, but are connected through a
computer network.
Core Components of an OS
Process Manager
Memory Manager
File Manager
I/O Manager
History of Operating Systems
Serial Processing (first generation)
There were no operating systems, so these computers
were “bare” machines.
Computers can only be used by one person at a time.
There were no keyboards during this time so user
commands are entered by using toggle switches.
High-level programming languages were developed
and entered into the computer by using punched cards
When
program 1
performs
an I/O
operation, Program 2
the CPU
starts performs
executing I/O
Program 1 program 2 operation When
performs
program 2
I/O performs Program 3
operation an I/O
operation, performs
the CPU I/O
starts operation
executing
program 3
User Process 3
Main Memory
Multiprocessor Systems
These are computer systems with more than one CPU
Interconnecting Bus
Interconnecting Bus
Other Types of Computer Systems
Networked and Distributed Systems
Network OS allow the sharing of resources among
computers connected in a network.
In distributed systems, there is a high level of
transparency in such a way that the entire system is
perceived by a user as one big, powerful computing
machine instead of several cooperating computers.
Real-time Systems
These are computers that operate on a very strict
constraint.
Handheld Systems
These are characterized by being battery powered,
having slower processors compared to PCs and having
smaller memory.