INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Presented by
Mamta
15001005020
B.Tech (3rd Year)
Chemical Engineering
 CONTENTS
 Sequence of operations in wet operations
 Singeing & Desizing
 Scouring & Bleaching
 Mercerization
 Dyeing process
 Printing process
 Rotary printing process
 Screen printing process
 Steaming / Airing / Washing
 Finishing
 Sanforization
 Final inspection
 Packing
 DYEING
Dyeing is a process of colouring fibres , yarns or
fabrics with either natural or synthetic dyes.
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS IN WET
PROCESSING
1) Entry of grey fabric
2) Singeing & Desizing
3) Scouring & Bleaching
4) Mercerization
5) Dyeing & Printing
6) Steaming / Airing / Washing
7) Finishing
8) Sanforization
9) Final inspection
10)Packing
 Entry of grey fabric
Firstly, the grey fabric can be entered.

Singeing
Singeing is done to burn the protruding fibres from the
surface of fabric. Singeing improves appearance.
Desizing
Desizing is the process of removing the size material from
the warp yarns after the textile fabric is woven.
 Desizing

• Desizing is used to remove starch from the fabric

surface.
• Desizing process improved the absorption of fabric.
 Scouring
• Scouring is done to remove
impurities like dust, oils,
gum and soluble impurities
from the fabric and produce
a clean cloth.
Objectives of scouring
• To remove natural as well
as added impurities.
• To increase absorbency
of textile material.
 Bleaching
 The aim of bleaching is
• to remove any unwanted
colour from the fibre and
• to bring whiteness to fabric

 Bleaching can be done by

Following bleaching agents
• Sodium hypochlorite
• Sodium chlorite
• Hydrogen peroxide
 Mercerization
• It is done to improve absorption of fabric.
• This is done by passing the fabric through NaOH at a
concentration in the range 200-300 grams per litre at
20-60 degree Celsius.
 Objectives of mercerization

To improve lustre of cotton materials, strength,

mechanical properties, moisture absorbency
and elasticity.

Affect of mercerization

Swelling of the fibre take place and cellulosic chain get

rearranged and become parallel.
 Dyeing

• After all these process, the cloth and fibre can be dyed.
The process of applying colour to fibre stock, yarns or
fabric is called dyeing.
• Dyeing is normally done in a special containing dyes and
particular chemical material.
• After dyeing, dye molecule have uncut chemical bond with
fibre molecule.

Key factor for dyeing

• pH
• Concentration of chemical
 Printing
• Printing is that process in which we applying colour only
to defined areas of a substrate to obtain the desired
pattern.
 Type of printing
• Direct printing
• Discharge printing.
Printing paste preparations
The print paste is prepared by using binder, water and
dyestuff. 1 kilogram binder is used for every 10 gram of
colour.
Method of printing
There are two most common method which are used in
textile industries :
• Rotary printing
• Screen printing
 Rotary printing machine
 Machine parts
• Crease removing roller
• 14 printing rollers
• Nickel screen
• Transporting roller
 Screen development
• Nickel screen is coated with photo-emulsion
 Screen development
• The screen mesh is dried at 150 degree celcius for 5
minutes
• The machine has software which is used to print
designs. The design is fed into the machine using a CD.
• As per the design entered, photo-link is sprayed on the
mesh. The ink displaces the photo-emulsion.
 Rotary screen printing
• Name of the machine – Ichinose
• Average speed of machine – 16 m/min.
• Average productivity – 8000-10000 m/shift
• Maximum number of screen possible – 14
 Rotary screen printing
It involves:
• The number of rollers required depends on the
number of colour used in the design.
• Darkest colour is printed first & lightest colour is
printed last.

Printing colour
Rollers are are pumped
made of into the rotary
copper rolls through
pipes
 Screen printing

• Screen printing is a printing technique whereby a mesh

is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas
made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil.
 Steaming

Steaming machine is used for fixation of

printing colour by passing the fabric through
high temperature

Airing

The fabric after printing is left for airing to have

better development of colour
 Washing
• This process is used to drain out extra colour from the
fabric surface
• After the printing , printing fabric is sent to the washing
and then dried
 Finishing
After the process of dyeing and printing, the cloth and fibre
can be finished properly.
Sanforization
Sanforizing machine adjust the shrinkage in the warp as
well as weft direction. Sanforizing machine is called zero-
zero machine.
 Final inspection

After all these process, final cloth can be checked

properly. Different parts of product are inspected in
this stage such as main fabric, fabric fault.

Packing

Packing is final process, now the product can be

packed and delivered
Thank you