Elasticity

Describes materials that return to their

rest shape after an applied stress.
Solid mechanics
The study of the Plasticity
physics of continuous
Describes materials
materials with a Rheology
defined rest shape. that permanently
Continuum deform after a The study of
mechanics sufficient applied materials with both
The study of the stress. solid and fluid
physics of characteristics.
continuous Non-Newtonian
materials Fluid mechanics fluids
The study of the
physics of
continuous
materials which Newtonian fluids
take the shape of
their container.
Why Study Fluid Mechanics

• There are number of fluids that when burnt,

produce lots of heat (petrol and diesel )
• fluids like oil that have tendency to exert very high
pressure or force(hydraulic machines and hydraulic
lifters )
• fluids have excellent flow properties (lubrication of
various machines)
• Fluids like water posses kinetic and potential
energy(generation of electricity )
• Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows)
under an applied shear stress
• Liquids and gases have the ability to flow
• They are called fluids
• "fluid" is often used as a synonym for "liquid"
• There are a variety of “LAWS” that fluids obey
• Need some definitions
Properties of Fluids
 DENSITY OF A FLUID ρ
 SPECIFIC WEIGHT γ
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 PRESSURE AND COMPRESSIBILITY
 COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION
 VISCOSITY
 SURFACE TENSION
 CAPILLARITY
• Regardless of form (solid, liquid, gas) we
can define how much mass is squeezed into
a particular space
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit
volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg
 water= 998 kgm-3
= m
kgm-3 V m3 air =1.2kgm-3
 Relative density of a fluid is the ratio of the
density of fluid to the density of water
 weight per unit volume of a material

N γ = 9807Nm-3
γ = mg
water

kgm-3 V m3 γ air =11.43kgm-3

COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION

 fractional change in volume per unit

temperature rise
• A measure of the amount of force exerted
on a surface area

N
F 1atm= 105 Nm-2
Nm-2 p=
A m2 1psi =6895Pa
(Pa)
• The pressure is just the weight of all the
fluid above you
• Atmospheric pressure is just the weight of
all the air above on area on the surface of
the earth
• In a swimming pool the pressure on your
body surface is just the weight of the water
above you (plus the air pressure above the
water)
• So, the only thing that counts in fluid
pressure is the gravitational force acting on
the mass ABOVE you
• The deeper you go, the more weight above
you and the more pressure
• Go to a mountaintop and the air pressure is
lower
Pressure acts
perpendicular
to the surface
and increases
at greater
depth.
Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with
depth

p= g  h increase in
pressure
increase depth (m)
The pressure at a given depth in a continuous,
static body of liquid is constant.

p3 p1 = p2 = p3
p1
p2
 is a measure of the volume change of a fluid as
a response to a pressure (or mean stress)
change.
 ability of molecules in a fluid to be compacted
or compressed
 An incompressible fluid cannot be compressed
and has relatively constant density throughout
 Liquid is an incompressible fluid.
 A gaseous fluid such as air, on the other hand,
can be either compressible or incompressible
 for theoretical and experimental purposes,
gases are assumed to be incompressible when
they are moving at low speeds
 A property of a fluid
 is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is
being deformed by either shear stress or tensile
stress.
 is highly temperature dependent
dynamic (or absolute) kinematic
viscosity viscosity

μ ν

Ns/m2 or Pas m2/s or stokes

• a measure of the internal resistance.
• the tangential force per unit area required to
move one horizontal plane with respect to the
other at unit velocity when maintained a unit
distance apart by the fluid.

dU
 
dy
 the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to
density
 a quantity in which no force is involved




SURFACE TENSION
 The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are
responsible for the phenomenon known as surface
tension
 Surface tension is a property of the surface of a
liquid that allows it to resist an external force.
CAPILLARITY
 Capillary action, or capillarity, is the ability of a
liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the
assistance of, and in opposition to external forces
like gravity.
 Capillary action is the result of adhesion and
surface tension.
 Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an
upward force on the liquid at the edges and result in a
meniscus which turns upward. The surface tension acts to
hold the surface intact, so instead of just the edges
moving upward, the whole liquid surface is dragged
upward.
 The height h to which capillary action will lift water
depends upon the weight of water which the surface
tension will lift: