Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Industrial Waste
Treatment
Biological Treatment
Processes of Industrial
Wastes
“Ability to calculate and compare
the treatment methods for
particular wastes.
&
Ability to design and evaluate
various unit operations
for waste treatments.”
Aerated lagoons
Trickling filters
vi = stoichiometric coefficient
Composition & Classification of
Microorganisms
Do you understand:
Aerobic?
Anaerobic?
Heterotrophic?
Autotrophic?
Phototroph?
Anaerobic, heterotrophic
Chemotroph?
Bacterial reproduction:
In 30 min of generation time (time required bacteria to divide into 2 organisms)
1 bacterium would yield ~ 17 x 106 bacteria in 12 h and the mass ~ 8.4 µg
Why??
1) Ammonia & nitrite– associate DO conc. & fish toxicity
2) Need for nitrogen removal:
– control eutrophication & water-reuse application
Total conc. of organic and ammonia nitrogen in municipal wastewater: 25-45
mg/L
Stoichiometry:
Two step oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
Nitroso-bacteria (Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, etc):
2NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2- + 4H+ + 2H2O
Nitrate:
Safer form to
aquatic lives
Biological Denitrification
Denitrification:
The biological reduction of nitrate to (nitrite) then
to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas.
1) Hydrolysis:
• particulate material is converted to soluble compounds that can then
be hydrolyzed further to simple monomers that are used by bacteria
that perform fermentation.
a) Aceticlastic methanogens
– split acetate into methane and CO2
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
b) Hydrogen-utilizing methanogens
- use H2 as electron donor and CO2 as the
electron acceptor to produce methane
Nuisance organisms in anaerobic fermentation
- When the wastewater contains significant concentrations of
sulfate
- Sulfate-reducing bacteria can reduce sulfate to sulfide (toxic to
methanogenic bacteria)
- Then, how to solve??
How??
Environmental factors:
- Anaerobic processes are sensitive to pH & inhibitory
substances (ex: NH3, H2S, etc.)
- pH near neutral preferred ;
- pH below 6.8 methanogenic activity is inhibited
- Due to about 30-35 % CO2 (high) produced in anaerobic
process, high alkalinity is needed to neutralize pH
- Range of alkalinity, i.e., 3000-5000 mg/L as CaCO3 is often
found.
In industrial wastewater
applications which mainly contain
carbohydrates, it is necessary to
add alkalinity for pH control.
Types of Biological
Process for Wastewater
Treatment
Suspended
Growth
Process
Attached
Growth Process
(Biofilm)
SUSPENDED GROWTH
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
PROCESS
Suspended Growth Processes (SGP)
Microbes are maintained in liquid suspension by mixing
methods
Most common SGP: Activated-sludge process (ASP)
- ASP uses activated mass of microbes capable of
stabilizing a waste under aerobic conditions
- mix wastewater with microbial suspension at certain
contact time, mechanically
• MLSS
• MLVSS
MLSS flows to clarifier (where microbial suspension is settled
and thickened) “Activated sludge (AS)”
AS is returned to aeration tank to continue
biodegradation of organic material
1
Reactor- microbes are
kept in suspension and
aerated
Activated
Sludge
Process
3 2
Recycle system – Liquid-solids
returning solids from separation – ex:
clarifier to reactor clarifier
Plug-flow ASP
Complete mix ASP
Selection & Design of
Physical Facilities for
ASP
Solid
Aeration Aeration Solids
Separation
Systems Tanks Separation Facilities
a) Aeration Tanks
- Usually constructed of reinforced concrete and left open to
atmosphere
- Capacity if aerated with diffused air:
• capacity range of 0.22 to 0.44 m3 /s at least 2 tanks needed
• capacity range of 0.44 to 2.2 m3 /s at least 4 tanks needed
• capacity range over 2.2 m3 /s at least 6 tanks or more
- Depth of wastewater in the tanks: between 4.5 and 7.5 m
- Freeboard: 0.3 – 0.6 m above waterline
- Width-to-depth ratio of the tanks (spiral-flow mixing): 1:1, 2.2:1 or
1.5:1 (most common)
- Tank with diffusers on both sides, greater width are permissible.
- Triangular baffles or fillet may be placed longitudinally in the
channel to eliminate dead spot
Refer Table 8-28 for typical aeration tank dimension for
mechanical surface aerators.
b) Flow distribution
- for multiple units of primary sedimentation tanks &
aeration tanks
- methods of splitting or controlling the flow rate, for
ex: splitter boxes equipped with weirs or control
valves or aeration tanks influent control gates.
- Hydraulic balancing of flow by equalizing the
headloss from the primary sedimentation basins to
the individual aeration tank.
c) Froth control systems
- Foaming- when the aerated wastewater which
contains soap, detergents & other surfactants
- Foaming action produces froth that contains sludge
solids, grease, and wastewater bacteria.
- Wind may lift & blow the froth contaminate
whatever it touches, slippery, and difficult to remove
once it has dried.
- solutions: remove froth by spraying clear water or
screened effluent through nozzles or,
adding antifoaming chemical additives in spray water
d) Nocardia Foam Control
- Nocardia foam is a thick layer of brown biological foams that
forms on the top of aeration tanks and clarifiers.
- Nocardia organisms grows, tend to trap air bubbles float
to the surface and accumulate as scum (dirty foam)
- Controlled by:
i) Spraying chlorine solution directly into foam layer
in some cases, spray nozzles installed within a hood
located across the width of plug flow aeration tanks
may not be effective, because it can cause floc
breakup & inhibit BOD removal and nitrification
• Types of SGAL:
1. Facultative partially mixed
2. Aerobic flow through with partial mixing
3. Aerobic with solids recycle and nominal complete mixing
Process Design Considerations for flow-through
lagoons:
1) BOD Removal
- the basis of design is SRT=hydraulic RT
- BOD conc: S/S0=1/1+kt
2) Effluent characteristics
- TSS and BOD conc.
3) Temperature effects
4) Oxygen requirement
5) Energy requirement for mixing
6) Solids separation.
Example 8-14 Design of a Flow-through Aerated Lagoon (Page 846)
Design a flow-through aerated lagoon to treat a wastewater flow of 3800 m3/d,
including the number of surface aerators and their kilowatt rating. The treated
liquid is to be held in a settling basin (lagoon) with a 2-d detention time before
being discharged. Assume that the following conditions and requirements apply:
1. Influent TSS = 200 g/m3 (influent TSS are not degraded biologically)
2. Influent sBOD = 200 g/m3
3. Effluent sBOD = 30 g/m3
4. Effluent suspended solids after settling = 20 g/m3
5. Kinetic coefficients: Y = 0.65 g/g, Ks = 100 g/m3, k = 6.0 g/g.d, kd = 0.07 g/g.d for
T = 20 to 25 ⁰C
6. Total solids produced are equal to computed volatile suspended solids divided
by 0.85
7. First-order observed soluble BOD removal-rate constant k20 = 2.5 d-1 at 20 ⁰C.
8. Summer air temperature = 30 ⁰C
9. Winter air temperature during coldest month = 6 ⁰C
10. Wastewater temperature during winter = 16 ⁰C
11. Wastewater temperature during summer = 22 ⁰C
12. Temperature coefficient, θ = 1.06
13. Aeration constants: α = 0.85, β = 1.0
14. Aerator oxygen transfer rate = 1.8 kg O2/kWh
15. Elevation = 500 m
16. Oxygen concentration to be maintained in liquid = 1.5 g/m3
17. Lagoon depth = 3.3 m
18. Design SRT = 5d
19. Power required for mixing = 8 kW/103/m3
ATTACHED GROWTH
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
PROCESS
Attached Growth Processes (AGP)
- Microorganisms are attached to an inert packing
material
- The organic material and nutrients are removed from
wastewater flowing past the attached growth (or
Biofilm)
- Ex. packing material : rock, gravel, slag, sand,
redwood, plastics, etc.
- The packing can be submerged completely in liquid
or not submerged, with air or gas space above
biofilm liquid layer
- Most common:
Trickling filter – wastewater is distributed over the top area of
a vessel containing non-submerged packing material
• Effluent characteristics
- Refer Table 9-8
• Secondary clarifier design
– Similar with those used in trickling filter
Example 9-7 Design of staged RBC for BOD Removal
Given the following design conditions, develop a process
design for a staged RBC system
sBOD g/m3 90 10
TSS g/m3 70 20
• Solution: Page 938
Follow step in page 937
1. Determine influent and effluent sBOD conc. and
WW flowrate
2. Determine RBC disk area for the first stage based
on max SBOD of 12-15 g sBOD/m3d
3. Determine number of RBC shaft using standard disk
density 9300 m2/shaft
4. Select number of trains, flow,number of stages,disk
area/shaft
5. Based on assumption in Step 4, calculate the sBOD
in each stage. If the effluent sBOD is met, calculate
the organic and hydraulic loading.