Fundamentals of

Computer Networks
FCN
Open Systems Interconnection model
(OSI model)
MAC (Media Access Control) Address
• Unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC)

• MAC addresses are 6-byte (48-bits) in length, and are written in

MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS format.

• The first 3-bytes are ID number of the manufacturer, which is

assigned by an Internet standards body.
• The second 3-bytes are serial number assigned by the manufacturer.
Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista:
• Click Windows Start or press the Windows key.
• In the search box, type cmd.
• Press Enter
A command window displays.
• Type ipconfig /all.
• Press Enter.
A Physical Address displays for each adapter. The Physical Address is
your device’s MAC address.
Macintosh OS X & Linux/Unix:
• Select Apple Icon > System Preferences > Network > Advanced.
A network box displays.
• Select WiFi.
A WiFi Address or Airport Address displays. This is your device’s MAC
address.

• Linux/Unix:
• Each Linux or Unix operating system is unique. For most systems, the
following command returns the MAC address: ifconfig -a
Port numbers

• PORT - Physical
- Logical

• Way to identify a specific process

Port Service name
20, 21 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
22 Secure Shell (SSH)
23 Telnet

25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

53 Domain Name System (DNS)

67, 68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

80 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

110 Post Office Protocol (POP3)

ICMP (ping, trace)is a layer 3 protocol suite within the TCP/IP suite, doesnt
- test any layer 4 or above functions, therefore, it has no TCP/UDP layer 4 port
number
 Port Service name

123 Network Time Protocol (NTP)

135-139 NetBIOS

143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4)

161, 162 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

443 HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

3389 Remote Desktop Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)- doesn't actually use a port itself. It is the
- protocol for associating an IP address with a MAC address as data comes
in/goes out
- Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
IP(Internet Protocol) address
• Logical Address(IPv4 and IPv6)
X.X.X.X
32-bits 128-bits

• Allow one connected computer (or "smart" device) to communicate

with another device over the Internet.

• IP addresses are used to identify machines throughout different

networks.
IP address classes
Network/
Hosts per
1st
Octet 1st Octet Host ID Default
Number of Network
Class Decimal High Order (N=Netwo Subnet
Networks (Usable
Range Bits rk, Mask
Addresses)
H=Host)
16,777,214
A 1 – 126* 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 – 2)
(224 – 2)
16,382 (214 – 65,534 (216 –
B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
2) 2)
2,097,150
C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 254 (28 – 2)
(221 – 2)

D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting

E 240 – 254 1111 Experimental; used for research

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Private IP Addresses

Class Private Networks Subnet Mask Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for the loopback or
localhost

for example, 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address.

Range 255.255.255.255 broadcasts to all hosts on the

local network.
GATEWAY
• Used to join two dissimilar networks

• The most common gateway is a router that connects a home or

enterprise network to the internet
SUBNET MASK
• 32-bits

• An IP address has two components, the network address and the host
address

• A subnet mask separates the IP address into the network and host
addresses (<network><host>)

• Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all "1"s and setting
host bits to all "0"s.
Install Cisco packet Tracer and check
connectivity in all 3 given scenarios: