The Unit Circle

(0,1)

(-1,0) (1,0)

(0,-1)
Arcs
Arcs are “parts” of a circle with two endpoints, the initial
point and terminal point.
Wrapping Function
We will ‘wrap’ the real number line around the unit circle.
• Each real number corresponds to a length of an arc in a unit
circle whose initial point is at (1,0).

• In the counterclockwise direction, the length of an arc is

positive;
• while in the clockwise direction, the length of an arc is
negative.
Definition

The wrapping function P is a function from R to U such

that

where (x, y) is the terminal point of the arc of length t.

 
2
Examples
 0
2

3
2
Special Real Numbers

The following are the wrapping function values of some

special real numbers.
Some Odd Multiples of
Some Even Multiples of
Some odd Multiples of
Coterminal Arcs
Coterminal arcs are arcs with the same
terminal point.

Example:
Arcs of length 0 and 2 are coterminal.

Thus, .
Coterminal Arcs
Examples
Examples
 A Tip: Negative Arclengths

If an arc has length   0

and P     x, y  , then P      x,  y  .
Evaluate the following:

 3 
1. P   = (0,-1)
 2 

   3 1
2. P    , 

 6   2 2

 2   1 3 
3. P     , 
 3   2 2 
Definition 1.2.5 (circular functions)
Let P be the wrapping function and let
P() = (x, y).
a. The sine function is defined by
sin() = y.
b. The cosine function is defined by
cos() = x.
c. The tangent function is defined by
𝑦
tan() = ,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
17
d. The cosecant function is defined by
1
csc() = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦

e. The secant function is defined by

1
sec() = ,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥

f. The cotangent function is defined by

𝑥
cot () = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦

18
Example 1.2.10 Give the six circular
𝜋
function values of 𝜃 = .
3
Solution:
𝜋 1 3
𝑃 = ,
3 2 2

𝜋 3 𝜋 2 3
sin = csc =
3 2 3 3
𝜋 1 𝜋
cos = sec =2
3 2 3
𝜋 𝜋 3
tan = 3 cot =
3 3 3
19
Example 1.2.11 Give the six circular

function values of 𝜃 = 𝜋.
Solution:
𝑃 𝜋 = −1,0

sin 𝜋 = 0 csc 𝜋 is undefined.

cos 𝜋 = −1 sec 𝜋 = −1

tan 𝜋 = 0 cot 𝜋 is undefined.

20
Domain, Range, Period and Graph of
each circular function

• Sine Function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2

21
• Cosine Function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2

22
• Tangent Function
𝑘𝜋
Domain = R − : 𝑘 is an odd integer
2
Range = R
Period = 

23
• Cosecant Function
Domain = R − 𝑘𝜋: 𝑘 is an integer
Range = (-∞,-1]  [1, ∞)

Period = 2

24
• Secant Function
𝑘𝜋
Domain = R − : 𝑘 is an odd integer
2
Range = (-∞,-1]  [1, ∞)
Period = 2

25
• Cotangent Function
Domain = R − 𝑘𝜋: 𝑘 is an integer
Range = R
Period = 

26
Reciprocal Identities
1 cos()
tan() = cot() =
cot() sin()
csc() =
1 sin()
sin() tan() =
cos()
1
sec() =
cos()
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 27
Example 1.2.12 Find the other circular
function values of  if
and
Solution:

28
Since

29
30
Example 1.2.13 If
2
tan 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 < 0,
3
can we say that
sin 𝜃 = −2 and cos 𝜃 = −3?

Find the other circular function values of

.

tan 𝜃 > 0 and cos 𝜃 < 0, so P 𝜃 QIV

31
 2 13
tan 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 < 0, sec   
2

3 9
13
3 sec    
cot 𝜃 = 3
2
3
cos    
3 13

tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 13 13
2 sin    tan   cos  
2
   1  sec 2
 
3 2  3 13  2 13
     
4 3  13  13
 1  sec 2  
9
32
Sum and Difference Identities

33
 𝜋
Example 1.2.14 Find sin() if 𝜃 = .
12
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= −
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin = sin −
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= sin cos − cos sin
4 6 4 6

2 3 2 1
= ∙ − ∙
2 2 2 2
6 2 6− 2
= − =
4 4 4
34
Double-Angle Identities
cos 2𝛼 = cos2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼

cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2sin2 𝛼 Note:

1. cos(2)  2cos()
cos 2𝛼 = 2cos2 𝛼 − 1
2. (2)cos is
sin 2𝛼 = 2sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 meaningless.
2tan 𝛼
tan 2𝛼 =
1 − tan2 𝛼
35
Example 1.2.15 Find sin(2) if
−3
tan  = and 𝑃   QII.
4
Solution:
sec 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1

9
sec 𝜃 = − + 1
16

25 −5
=− =
16 4
36
 1 −4
cos() = =
sec () 5

16 9 3
sin 𝜃 = 1− = =
25 25 5

sin 2 = 2sin  cos 

3 −4
= 2 
5 5
−24
= .
25
37
Half-Angle Identities
1 + cos 2𝛼
cos 𝛼 = ±
2

1 − cos 2𝛼
sin 𝛼 = ±
2

1 − cos 2𝛼
tan 𝛼 = ±
1 + cos 2𝛼

38
Half-Angle Identities
𝛼 1 + cos 𝛼
cos =±
2 2

𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
sin =±
2 2

𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
tan =±
2 1 + cos 𝛼
39
 Half-Angle Identities

sin 2𝛼 𝛼 sin 𝛼
tan 𝛼 = tan =
1 + cos 2𝛼 2 1 + cos 𝛼

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 𝛼 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
tan 𝛼 = tan =
sin 2𝛼 2 sin 𝛼

40
 
Example 1.2.16 Find sin( ).
8
Solution:

41
Example 1.2.17 If

find .
Solution:
We first determine where is.

42
43
or using another formula,

44
Example 1.2.18 Express each expression in simplest
form.
a. cos  40  cos  20   sin  40  sin  20  = cos  40  20 
= cos  60 
1
=
2
b. sin  2d  cos  3d   cos  2d  sin  3d  = sin  2d  3d  = sin  5d 

tan  712   tan  4 

c.  tan  712  4   tan  412   tan  3  = 3
1  tan  712  tan  4 
45
d. sin  2 x  cos  2 x  recall:
sin 2𝛼 = 2sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
1
=  2sin  2 x  cos  2 x 
2
1 1
= sin  2  2 x  = sin  4 x 
2 2

1  cos  60  𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
e. tan =±
1  cos  60  2 1 + cos 𝛼

 60 
  tan  30  1 3
 tan   
 2  3 3
46
Theorem: If p then q.
Methods of proof:
1. Direct 2. Indirect 3. Contraposition
(prf by contradiction)

Proof: Proof: Proof:

Suppose p. Suppose p q. Suppose q.
. . .
. . .
. c  c .
q. q. p.

47
Prove the following:
sin  1  cos 
 .
1  cos  sin 
Wrong proof:
sin  1  cos 
 .
1  cos  sin 

sin 2 θ  1  cos θ 1  cos θ 

?

?
sin 2 θ  1  cos 2 θ

sin θ  sin 2 θ
2
Prove the following: sin  1  cos 
 .
1  cos  sin 
proof:
sin  sin  1  cos 
 
1  cos  1  cos  1  cos 
sin  1  cos  

1  cos 2

sin  1  cos  

sin 
2

sin 2
  cos 2

 1

1  cos 

sin 
QED
Prove the following: cos  3   4 cos3    3cos  

proof:

cos  3   cos  2     cos  2  cos    sin  2  sin  

  2 cos 2    1 cos    2sin   cos    sin  

 2 cos3    cos    2sin 2   cos  

 2 cos    cos    2 1  cos    cos  

3
 2

 2 cos3    cos    2 cos    2 cos3  

 4 cos3    3cos   QED

50
Prove the following: 2sin    1 
2 1  cot 2

1  cot 2  
proof:
1  cot 2   1  cot 2   1 cot 2

   2
1  cot 2   csc  
2
csc   csc  
2

1 
 csc 2
   1
 1 csc  
2
1
    2  2
csc  
2
csc  
2
csc   csc   csc  
2

 sin 2    1  sin 2    2sin 2    1.

QED

51