CHEKGU ATIE

 A wave is produced by a source of vibration.

 Mechanical waves need a material medium or their
propagation.
 Examples of mechanical waves include water waves
,sound waves, shock waves as in earthquakes and
waves in strings, springs and rods.
 Electromagnetic waves do not need a material
medium for their propagation.
 Examples of electromagnetic waves are radio waves ,
light waves , infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet ( UV).
 As a wave travels through a medium, there is no
transfer of matter but only transfer of energy from a
vibrating source.
Vibration:
 A periodic motion where the system performs a
repeated to-and-fro motion about an equilibrium
position.

Equilibrium position:
 The position of the object where is no resultant
force acts on the object.

One oscillation:
 To-and-fro motion from the equilibrium
position.
Amplitude :
 The maximum displacement of the objects
from their equilibrium position.
Period, T

 The time taken for one complete oscillation.

 The S.I. unit is second (s)

 T= t
 n
t = time
 n = number of oscillations
Frequency, f

 The number of complete oscillations per

second.
 The S.I. unit is Hertz (Hz)
 T= n
 t
 f= 1
 T
 Graph displacement-time

 Example 1
 A pendulum makes 20 complete
oscillations in 24.0 s.
 Calculate
 (a) the period (b)the frequency
 The frequency of the free oscillation of a
system without any external forces are
exerted to the system.
Vibration system Factors affecting Formula

Oscillation of a
pendulum
Oscillation of a
spring hang with a
mass
Oscillation of a
jigsaw blade fixed
with plasticine
 A phenomenon that a system vibrates with a
maximum amplitude.
 It occurs when the frequency of the system
same as its natural frequency
 The pendulum B ( driver pendulum) is pulled well aside an
released so that it oscillates in plane perpendicular.
 All the pendulums oscillate but with different amplitudes.
 The pendulum D whose length equals that of the driver
(pendulum B) has the greatest amplitude because its natural
frequency of oscillation is the same as the frequency of the
driving pendulum.
 Microwave ovens use resonance. The
frequency of microwaves almost equals the
natural frequency of vibration of a water
molecule. This makes the water molecules in
food resonate . This means they take in
energy from the microwaves and so they get
hotter. This heat conducts and cooks the
food.
 Damping is a word used to describe how
movement and vibrations are reduced or slowed
down.
 Damping is a process whereby oscillations die
down due to a loss of energy to friction forces.
 When a system is damped , the amplitude of the
of oscillation decreases slowly until the system
stops oscillating.
 Damping is usually caused by external frictional
forces such as air resistance . It can also be
caused by internal forces , where energy is lost
from the system in form of heat.
 In daily use ,e.g. shock absorbers in cars
cause oscillations to die down after a car has
gone over a bump in the road.
 For another example, damping is introduced
intentionally in measurement instruments
such as galvanometer , spring balance etc. to
overcome the problem of taking a reading
from an oscillating needle.
 Oscillations can produce waves. Waves transfer energy from
one place to another without permanently displacing the
medium through which they travel.
 When we drop a stone into a pond, the kinetic energy of the
stone makes the water surface move up and down near where
the stone lands; ripples spread out outwards and if an floating
object on the water some distance away will start to bob up and
down. It is because the original energy of the moving stone has
been transferred to the object by the wave motion on the water
surface.
 When we are at the seaside, we can see large as well as small
waves reaching the shore. These waves arise because of the
strong winds in the middle of the sea. The energy of the winds is
carried by the waves to the shore. The water from the middle of
the sea does not reach the shore.
 The wave motion is regular and repetitive (i.e. periodic motion)
 There are two main types – mechanical waves such as sound
waves and electromagnetic waves.
 Waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles is
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation called a
transverse wave.
 The examples of transverse waves are water waves and
electromagnetic waves (radio waves ,microwaves , infra-
red (IR) light waves , ultra-violet ( UV), X-rays and gamma
 rays )
 Waves in which the direction of vibration of
the particles is parallel to the direction of
wave propagation called a longitudinal wave.
 An example of transverse waves is sound
waves.
Amplitude:
 The maximum displacement of the medium
particles from the equilibrium position.

Period , T:
 The time for one complete oscillations of each
particle in the wave.

Frequency, f :
 The number of oscillations of each particle in the
wave in one second.
f=1
T
Wavelength , λ
 The distance between two consecutive points
which are vibrating in phase.
 Or
 The distance from one wave crest to the next.
 Or
 The distance from one wave trough to the
next
Wavespeed , v
 The distance moved by a wave in one second.
 The wavespeed depends only the medium the
waves are traveling through.

Wavefront
 The locus of points which vibrates in phase
 For water waves there are two types of
wavefront i.e circular wavefront and plane
wavefront.
Crest
 The point where a wave causes maximum positive
displacement of the medium.

Trough
 The point where a wave causes maximum negative
displacement of the medium

Compression
 Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure
and density of particles are higher than when no wave
is passing.

Rarefaction
 Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure
and density of particles are lower than when no wave
is passing
Wavespeed = frequency x wavelength
v = fλ
 The figure shows the sound waves produced by a
tuning fork.
 (a) Base on the figure determine,
 (i) the amplitude
 (ii) the wave length
 (b) What is the frequency of the sound if the
speed of sound is 330 ms-1.
WAVE ON ELECTROMAGNETIC
WATER WAVE

SOUND LIGHT
WAVE WAVES
CHEKGU ATIE
 When straight waves pass from deep to
shallow water, their

◦ wave-length becomes shorter

◦ speed decreases

◦ frequency remain unchanged

 Electric field will always
perpendicular to magnetic
field to produce
electromagnetic field

Electromagnetic
spectrum
 They all transfer energy from one place to
another.
 They all transverse, electromagnetic waves
 They all can travel through a vacuum
 They all travel at a speed of approximately
3 x 108 ms-1
 They all show the wave properties :
◦ reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
 The all obey the wave equation v = fλ
 They all carry no charge
 They all can be emitted and absorbed by matter
(1)Gamma rays
Sources :nuclei of radioactive atoms and cosmic
rays

Detector :photographic film, Geiger-Muller Tube

Special
Properties :very penetrating very dangerous causes
cancer and mutation
Uses :to kill cancerous growth
to find flaws in metal castings
to sterilise equipment
to control pest in agriculture
(2) X-ray

Sources :X-ray tubes

Detector :photographic film, Fluorescent screen

Special
Properties :very penetrating very dangerous , damage to
cells

Uses :to take X-ray picture Radiography

to treat skin disorders
to study crystal structures
to scan baggage
to scan cracks in building structures
To detect art forgeries
(3) Ultra-violet (UV)

Sources :the sun, very hot objects , arcs and sparks

mercury vapour lamps, discharge tube
Detector :photographic film, photo cells, fluorescent
chemicals
Special
Properties :absorbed by glass , cause many chemical
reactions,damages and kills living cells,causes sun
burn,causes blindness
Uses :treatment of skin complaints,killing
bacteria,fluorescent lighting burglar alarms automatic
counting in industry washing powders
to identify counterfeit notes
Production of vitamin D in the skin
(4) Visible light
Sources :the sun, hot objects , lamps, lasers ,
lightening, flames

Detector :photographic film, eye , photo cells

Special
Properties:refracted by glass and focused by the eye
increased rates of premature skin aging and skin
cancer

Uses :observation of visible world,

essential for photosynthesis and plant growthlaser
and optical fibres
flame test to identify elements in chemistry
flash in camera
(5) Infra-red light (IR)

Sources :the sun, warm and hot objects such as

fires and people,
Detector :special photographic film, thermopile ,
photo transistor eye ,photo cells
Special
Properties:causes heating when absorbed, makes skin
feel warm, skin burns
Uses :night vision
thermal imaging and physiotherapy
photocopiers(thermal)
cooking
heating
remote control for TV / VCR
photography through haze and fog
computer and hand phone to connect
(6) Microwave

Sources : microwave transmitter , microwave ovens

Detector : wave guide tube

Special
Properties: spread round hills and building by diffraction internal
heating of body tissues

Uses :cooking
radar system to detect objects
(size ,form and position)
satellite transmissions
(7) Radio waves

Sources : electrical oscillating circuit

Detector : aerials connected to TV or radio

Special
Properties: harm body cells, prevalence of migraine, headache disorders

Uses : telecommunications (telephone)

broadcasting (TV and radio)
communication in aircrafts, ships and missiles
used in radio astronomy
CHEKGU ATIE
 © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

 Light Energy
◦ Atoms
 As atoms absorb energy, electrons jump out to a higher
energy level.
 Electrons release light when falling down to the lower
energy level.
◦ Photons - bundles/packets of energy released when the
electrons fall.
 Light: Stream of Photons

© 2000 Microsoft Clip Galle

 Wave Model of Light
◦Explains most properties of
light
 Particle Theory of Light
◦Photoelectric Effect –
Photons of light produce
free electrons

© 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

 Transparent Objects:
◦ Light transmitted because of no scattering
◦ Color transmitted is color you see. All other colors are
absorbed.
 Translucent:
◦ Light is scattered and transmitted some.
 Opaque:
◦ Light is either reflected or absorbed.
◦ Color of opaque objects is color it reflects.
 Color of Objects
◦ White light is the presence of ALL the colors of
the visible spectrum.
◦ Black objects absorb ALL the colors and no light
is reflected back.

© 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

 © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

 Primary Colors of Light

◦ Three colors that can be mixed to
produce any other colored light
◦ Red + blue + green = white light
 Complimentary Colors of Light
◦ Two complimentary colors combine
to make white light-Magenta,Cyan,Yellow
© 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

 Sources of Light
◦Incandescent
light – light
produced by
heating an
object until it
glows.
© 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
© 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

 Fluorescent Light –
◦ Light produced by electron bombardment of gas
molecules
◦ Phosphors absorb photons that are created
when mercury gas gets zapped with electrons.
The phosphors glow & produce light.
 Neon light –
neon inside
glass tubes
makes red
light. Other
gases make
other colors.
© 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery
CHEKGU ATIE
 Sound is a disturbance that travels through a
medium as a longitudinal wave.
 All sound waves start with a vibration.
 Particles move the medium along.
 There are two ways to describe the particles.
 One is rarefaction and one is compression.
 Compression means the particles are close.
Rarefaction means the particles are far
apart.
 Sound waves travel through the air in waves
 When an object vibrates, it moves the air
molecules around it. This causes them to
bump into each other.
 Sound waves carry energy through a medium
without carrying the molecules of a medium
along. Each particle of the medium vibrates
as the disturbance passes. When the
disturbance reaches your ears, you hear the
sound.
 The unit to measure loudness is the decibel
(dB).

 The loudness of a sound depends on the

energy and intensity of the sound wave.

 The loudness of a sound also depends on

the amplitude of a sound wave.
 Medium Speed of sound waves/ ms-
1

Air (0oC) 331

Oxygen (0oC) 316
Helium (0oC) 965
Hydrogen (0oC) 1284
Water (0oC) 1402
Water (20oC) 1482
Water (50oC) 1543
Aluminium (0oC) 5100
Copper (0oC) 3560
Iron (0oC) 5130
 hat Ultrasonic sound refers to anything
above the frequencies of audible sound.
 It normally includes anything over
20,000 Hz.

 Sounds in the range 20-100 Hz are

commonly used for communication and
navigation by bats, dolphins and some
other species.
 Dolphins use ultrasonic sound in there
echolocation, and so do bats.
  The pitch of a sound you hear depends on the
frequency of the sound wave.
 For example, sound waves with a high frequency
have a high pitch, and sound waves with a low
frequency have a low pitch.
 The video shown below shows a very high pitch
sound.
 That means it also has a high frequency.
 The waves in the video shows high pitch sound.
The picture below the video shows a high pitch
sound wave.

LOUDNESS AND PITCH OF SOUND

http://www.iknowthat.com/ScienceIllustrations/sound/scien
ce_desk.swf
  Temperature
 Stiffness
 Density

The human hear is capable of hearing sounds with frequencies in

the range of 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz.
 The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves in
relation to an observer is called the doppler effect.

 The Doppler effect occurs because the motion of the

source causes the waves to either get closer together or
spread out, changing the pitch.

 According to the picture, the waves in-front of the

firetruck are moving in the same direction as the firetruck,
making the waves closer together, changing the pitch.
 The waves behind the firetruck are moving away, which is
also changing the pitch.
 Medicine
 (1) Ultrasonic scanning in medicine involves sending
ultrasound waves into the patient’s body and detecting the
echoes which come back. This can be used , for example,
to see the position of an unborn baby inside its mother’s
womb. The whole process is completely painless and much
safer than using X-rays.
 (2) Sound waves of high energy are directed to the kidney
stones to destroy them in the cavity of the kidney. The
disintegrated particles are removed during urination by
the patient.
 (3) Dentist use ultrasonic waves to remove plaque from
the teeth.
 (4) Ultrasound spectacles help blind persons to estimate
the distance away of something in front of them.
 EACH GROUP NEED TO DO AN INTERNET
RESEARCH ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF
SOUND WAVES IN DAILY LIFE.
◦ MAIN RESEARCH
 WHAT?
 HOW IT APPLIED?
 WORKING PRINCIPLE?
 REFLECTION IN WATER WAVES
 REFLECTION IN LIGHT WAVES
 REFLECTION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 REFLECTION IN SOUND WAVES
Reflection of a wave occurs when a wave
strikes an obstacle such as barrier, plane
reflector , mirror and wall.

LAW OF REFLECTION :
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of reflection.
 The incident wave, the reflected wave and the
normal lie in the same plane.
Velocity, v Frequency ,f Wavelength, Angle

unchanged Unchanged Unchanged i=r
 An echo is a reflected sound wave.
 Echolocation is used by using reflected sound
waves to determine distances or to locate
things.
 In the picture the bat is
trying to catch a moth,
the dolphin is trying to
hunt fish, and the submarine
is searching for the island;
all using echolocation.