6th SemUnit 1 - All PPT'S - IB

UNIT I Lectures: 20
Overview: International Business- Introduction, Concept, Definition, Scope, Trends,

Challenges and
Opportunities; Nature, Meaning and Importance of International Competitive Advantage,
Multidimensional view of Competitiveness- Financial Perspectives:
UNIT II Lectures: 20
Theories of International Trade: International Business Theories, Trade Barriers- Tariff and
Non Tariff
Barriers.
UNIT III Lectures: 15
International Bodies: International Monetary Systems and Financial Markets, IMF, World
Bank, IBRD, IFC, IDA, Existing International Arrangements; Globalization and Foreign
Investment- Introduction FDI, national FDI Policy Framework, FPI, Impact of
Globalization.
UNIT IV Lectures: 15
Issues in International Business: Outsourcing and its potentials for India; Strategic
alliances, mergers and acquisitions; Role of IT in international business; International
business and ecological considerations; Global Human Resource Management-
Selection, Development, Performance Appraisal and compensation, Motivating
employees in the global context and managing groups across cultures, Multicultural
Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,
2/m25/a2n01a6geme
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For BBA 6th Semester
IB_Assignment 1:
1. How is international business different form managing domestic
business. Bring out factors influencing international business and
explain using relevant examples. (15 marks)
2. Discus the strategies for achieving global competitive
advantages. (10 marks)
3. Write a short note on : (7.5 marks each)
a. Role of World bank in development of countries
b. IMF
c. IDA
d. IFC
4. Discuss various IB theories. How these theories are helpful to
IB. (15 marks)
5. Write short notes on various types of Non Tariff and Tariff Barriers
to International Business (15 marks)
Last date to submit assignment of unit 1: 17th Feb 2016`
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International Business

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Introduction To IB
• International business refers to business that

takes place between 2 or more countries
beyond their political boundaries
• It includes any types of business activity that
crosses national boundaries.
• IB involves :
– Transfer of goods, services, capital , knowledge
and information across national boundaries

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Transfer of goods, services, capital , knowledge and information across national
boundaries
Japan to loan India Rs5479 crore for metro project

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Introduction To IB
• International business refers to business that

takes place between 2 or more countries
beyond their political boundaries
• It includes any types of business activity that
crosses national boundaries.
• IB involves :
– Transfer of goods, services, capital , knowledge
and information across national boundaries

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• International Business:
– It is defined as the process of extending the business
activities from domestic to any foreign country with
an intention of targeting international customers
– It is also defined as the conduction of business
activities by any company across the nations.
– It can also be defined as the expansion of business
functions to various countries with an objective of
fulfilling the needs and wants of international
customers

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Scope of International Business
• Merchandise Exports and Imports i.e trade in
goods
• Service Exports and Imports i.e trade in
services.
• Licensing and Franchising :
– Pepsi and Coca Cola
• Foreign Investments : FDI vs FII

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Features of International Business
• Large scale operations
• Integration of economies
• Dominated by developed countries and MNCs
• Benefits to participating countries
• Healthy competition
• Special role of science and technology
• International restrictions
• Sensitive nature

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Surprised to learn that one of the isolated country’s
biggest trade partners is India???

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Challenges in IB
• Different political environment :
• China, US, North Korea, Pakistan
• Legal policy framework :Nationalism and business
policy

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www.daiichisankyo.com
http://www.nestle.com/

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Challenges in IB contd…
• Behavioural factors
• Attitude, Social values, beliefs system , culture
• Economic forces :
• Why countries exchange goods and services ??
• Why capital and people travel ??
• Why one countries currency has certain value compared
to another??
• Different geographical influences : Floods, hurricanes,
earthquakes, tsunami, freezing, draught etc.

• Competitive environment
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Challenges of IB:
• Different currencies
• Varying trade policies
• Different market conditions
• Different languages
• Long distance
• Laws & Regulations :
– Trade Barriers
• Cost
• Communication Difficulties and Cultural Differences
• Choosing the Right Shipping Method
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Opportunities in International Business
• Reasons for the firms going international

• Profitability
• Growth in demand for better quality products
• Economies of Scale
• Access to imported inputs/Resources
• Marketing Opportunities
• USP of product & services
• R& D Costs.

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McDonald’s cooks up new Indian breakfast
menu including masala dosa burgers
Read more at:
By Sagar Malviya, ET Bureau | Updated: Jan 11, 2017, 12.50 AM IST

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Napping in Public? In
Japan, That’s a Sign of
Diligence
Sleeping in public is especially prevalent on

commuter trains, no matter how crowded, in
Japan. It helps that the country has a very low
crime rate. CreditKo
Ms. AntrikshaSasaki for
Negi, Assistant Professor
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, The New York
Trends in International business
• Global climate change

• Migration
• Global terrorism
• Emerging markets
• Next Industrial age
• Mega regional agreements
• Global growth led by USA

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Global climate change

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Migration and brain drain Video

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Global terrorism

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Emerging markets• BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China
and South Africa),
• Growth potential, with the aim of helping
investors spot opportunities in newly
discovered markets ahead of the
competition.
• Civets (Colombia, Indonesia,
Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South
Africa)
• new cluster of countries with young
populations and potential future growth.
• MINTs (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria
and Turkey)
• rising middle classes.
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Next Industrial age

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Mega regional agreements

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• Transatlantic trade and investment partnership
(TTIP) between the united states and the EU;
• The trade in services agreement (tisa) between
23 WTO members including the EU, focused on
services and services related disciplines;
• The regional comprehensive economic
partnership (RCEP), the asia-driven quota that
includes the 10 ASEAN members and six
countries including china, india and japan.
• Transpacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)

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Basis between
Difference Domestic International
Domestic and International business
Business Business
Risk Less Comparatively greater

risk
Currency A domestic business An international business
deals in a single deals in multiple
currency currencies
Human A domestic business Multilingual,
Resource can succeed with multistrategic and
human resource with multicultural human
minimum skill and resource is necessary for
knowledge smooth operations of an
international business

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Basis Domestic
Difference Businessand International
between Domestic Internationalbusiness
Business
Geogra It is carried out within the It is carried out across
phic national or geographic borders and national
Area borders of the country territories of a country
Restricti Tariffs and quotas are not Many restrictions are

ons present and very few local imposed while doing business
restrictions are imposed on internationally or entering a
a domestic business foreign market e.g. Tariff and
non-tariff barriers, exchange
controls, local taxes etc.
Culture There is less difference in The market culture is
the market culture of local relatively uniform
areas and regions within a
country. The market culture
is relatively uniform

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Basis between
Difference Domestic International
Domestic and International business
Business Business
Research It is easy to conduct It is very difficult and costly.

business research, Reliability of information
demand analysis and depends upon the individual
customer survey country
Cost Do not enjoy Cost Advantage of location
Advantage advantage economies and cheap
resources are available
Environment A domestic business is Domestic, foreign and
only affected by the international environment
variables in the factors affect an international
domestic environment business

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International competitive advantage
• Competitive advantage is a business concept that
describes the attribute of allowing an organization to
outperform its competitors.
• These attributes may include
• Access to natural resources,
• such as high-grade ores
• a low-cost power source,
• highly skilled labor,
• geographic location, etc.
• Access to new technology can also be considered
as an attribute of competitive advantage.

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International Competitive
Advantage
• Any feature of a business that enables it to earn a higher return on
investment despite counter pressure from competitors.
• Competitive advantage is a business concept describing attributes that
allow an organization to outperform its competitors.
• These attributes may include:
– Accessto natural resources, such as high grade ores or
inexpensive power,
– Highly skilled personnel
– Geographic location,
– High entry barriers, etc.
• New technologies, such as robotics and information technology, can also
provide competitive advantage, whether as a part of the product itself, as
an advantage to the making of the product, or as competitive aid inMs.
tAhnterikshba uNesgii,nAsesisstsantpPrroofescsoers, s
2/25/2016 Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,
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Competitive advantages of BRICS nations :
– Brazil : Healthy export trade in coffee, sugar, soya

beans, textiles and electrical equipment.
– Russia : World's richest countries in raw materials,
around 20 percent of the world's production of oil and
natural:gasDemocracy , Demographic dividend and
– India
Demand
– China : Manufactured goods such as
electronics etc.
consumer
– South Africa : Gold, diamonds, platinum, 40 per cent of
the world's gold reserves

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• A firms ability to compete successfully in a given
industry depends partly on the competitive structure of that
industry .
Michael Porter states that competitive nature of an
industry depends upon five forces
Michael Porter’s five forces model

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Threat of new entrants
• A new entry of a competitor into your market
also weakens your power. Threat of new entry
depends upon entry and exit barriers. Threat of
new entry is high when:
Capital requirements to start the business are less
Few economies of scale are in place
Customers can easily switch (low switching cost)
Your key technology is not hard to acquire or isn’t
protected well
Your product is not differentiated

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Bargaining power of Buyers
• Bargaining Power of Buyers means,
 How much control the buyers have to drive
down your products price,
 Can they work together in ordering large
volu
mes.
• Buyers have more bargaining power
n:
whe
 Few buyers chasing too many goods
 Product is not differentiated
 Buyer’s cost of switching to a competitors’
product is low
 Shopping cost is low
 Buyers are price sensitive
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Threat of substitute product
• Threat of substitute products means
how easily your customers can switch
to your competitors product.
• Threat of substitute is high when:
– There are many substitute products
available
– Customer can easily find the product or
service that
you’re offering at the same or less price
– Quality of the competitors’ product is
better
– Substitute product is by a company
earning high profits so Negi,
Ms. Antriksha can reduce
Assistant
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Professor , prices
Bargaining power of suppliers
• Bargaining power of supplier means
how strong
is the position of a seller.
– How much your supplier have control over
increasing the price of supplies.
• Suppliers are more powerful when
– Suppliers are concentrated and well
organized
– A few substitutes available to supplies
– Their product is most effective or unique
– Switching cost, from one suppliers to
another, is high
– You are not an important
Ms. Antrikshacustomer to,
Negi, Assistant Professor
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Industry Rivalry
• Industry rivalry mean the intensity of competition

among the existing competitors in the market.
– Intensity of rivalry depends on the number of competitors
and their capabilities.
• Industry rivalry is high when:
– There are number of small or equal competitors and less
when there’s a clear market leader.
– Customers have low switching costs
– Industry is growing
– Exit barriers are high and rivals stay and compete
– Fixed cost are high resulting huge production and
reduction in prices
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• According to Pitts and Snow a competitive advantage is :
– any feature of a business firm that enables it to earn a higher
return on investment despite counter pressure from competitors.
– They urge that competitive advantage is gained at corporate level
through
– synergy and at the business level through
– market share.
– A large firm can gain advantage by
• Paying less interest to its creditors and underwriters
• Paying less taxes by shifting funds from one business to another.
• A diversified firm can gain advantage by allocating resources
according to products relative market share and market growth.
• In addition large and diversified firms get benefits of scale, risk
reduction, latest technology, human resources development and better
bargaining capacity.
• There are three sources of market share :
– Economies of scale Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,
34
Market
– Experience VSBS, VIPS
• Meaning
– Competitive advantage is a business concept describing
attributes that allow an organization to outperform its
competitors.
– These attributes may include access to natural resources,
such as high grade ores or inexpensive power, highly
skilled personnel, geographic location, high entry barriers,
etc.
– New technologies, such as robotics and information
technology, can also provide competitive advantage,
whether as a part of the product itself, as an advantage to
the making of the product, or as a competitive aid in the
business process (for example, better identification and
understanding of customers).

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Porter's generic strategies model
Differentiation Overall cost

leadership leadership
strategy strategy
Focus
Differentiation
Focus cost
strategy strategy
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Means of Gaining
High market share,

Design, brand image,
dealer network, skilled
favourable access
and creative team, to raw material,
access to leading R&D Building sales
tools volume, efficient
facilities
Focus
Differentiation
Focus cost
strategy strategy
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Focus differentiation leadership
firstcry.com/ Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

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Japans
competitive
electronic
market
•"Home-grown"
resources •Supplier
Competitors
Complementary
Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor , firms
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Demand condition

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Factor condition Greatest land mass, vast oil
deposits, natural resources, largest
Russia petroleum industry in world
7th largest country in terms of land
mass, 2nd largest population, annually
India graduates more English speakers
India then US, engineering and computer
skills.
Largest and most sophisticated
capital market in world, expansion,
innovation, well prepared for
US international competition
Great entrepreneurial ability, low
cost start-ups, high R&D funding,
Denmark successful Parma industries and
medical equipment's
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Firms strategy, structure and rivalry
Japanese electronic market
Canon, Casio, Citizen, Fujifilm,

Fujitsu, Hitachi, JVC Kenwood,
Konica Minolta, Kyocera,
Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Nikon,
Nintendo, Olympus, Panasonic,
Pioneer, Ricoh, Seiko Group, Sharp
Corporation, Sony,
TDK, Toshibaand Yamaha.

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• Factor Conditions
– A country creates its own important factors such as skilled resources and
technological base.
– The stock of factors at a given time is less important than the extent that
they are upgraded and deployed. Local disadvantages in factors of
production force innovation.
– Adverse conditions such as labor shortages or scarce raw materials force
firms to develop new methods, and this innovation often leads to a
national comparative advantage.
• Demand Conditions
– When the market for a particular product is larger locally than in foreign
markets, the local firms devote more attention to that product than do
foreign firms, leading to a competitive advantage when the local firms
begin exporting the product.
– A more demanding local market leads to national advantage
– A strong, trendsetting local market helps local firms anticipate global
trends.

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• Related and Supporting Industries
– When local supporting industries are competitive, firms enjoy more
cost effective and innovative inputs.
– This effect is strengthened when the suppliers themselves are
strong
global competitors.
• Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry
–
– Localexample,
conditionsGerman
affect firm strategy. tend to be hierarchical.
companies
Forcompanies
Italiantend to be smaller and are run more like extended families.
Such strategy and structure helps to determine in which types of
industries a nation's firms will excel.
– In Porter's Five Forces model, low rivalry made an industry attractive.
– While at a single point in time a firm prefers less rivalry, over the long
run more local rivalry is better since it puts pressure on firms to
innovate and improve. In fact, high local rivalry results in less global
rivalry.
– Local rivalry forces firms to move beyond basic advantages that
the Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,
home country may enjoy, suchVSBS, as VIPS
low factor costs.
The Value Chain
• Inbound logistics:
– The receiving and warehousing of raw materials, and their distribution
to manufacturing as they are required.
• Operations:
– The processes of transforming inputs into finished
products and
services.
• Outbound logistics:
– The warehousing and distribution of finished goods.
• Marketing & sales:
– The identification of customer needs and the generation of sales.
• Service:
– The support of customers after the products and services are sold to
them.

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Value chain analysis

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Negi
Ms. Antriksha
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
SYSTEMS
IMF cuts India’s growth

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 International monetary systems are sets of
agreed rules, principles and supporting institutions, that
internationally
facilitate
International trade,
 Cross border investment and
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 Generally the reallocation of capital between
nation states.
 They provide means of payment between
acceptable buyers and sellers of
different nationality, including
deferred payment.
 To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to
provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to
provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected.
 The systems can grow organically as the collective result of
numerous individual agreements between international
economic factors spread over several decades.
 Alternatively, they can arise from a single architectural vision as
happened at Bretton Woods in 1944
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS
3 PHASES
 The pre  The Bretton
WWI
 Between the
Woods Era:
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financial World
1945–1971
order: 1870– Wars: 1919–
1914 1939
•First age of •Deglobalisation
globalization •Abandoned
•Money the gold standard
unions
•Gold
standard
THE PRE WWI FINANCIAL ORDER:
1870–1914
 First age of Globalisation.
 Money unions were operating which effectively allowed
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members
to accept each other's currency as legal tender including the
 Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland,
France) and
 Scandinavian monetary union (Denmark, Norway and
Sweden).
 In the absence of shared membership of a union, transactions
were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold
standard, by both independent nations and their colonies.
 Great Britain was at the time the world's preeminent
financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the
world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her
national income than any other creditor nation has since.
Between the World Wars: 1919–1939
 A period of deglobalisation
 Countries had abandoned the gold standard except
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for the united states.
 By the early 30's the prevailing order was
essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange
rates .
The Bretton Woods Era: 1945–1971
Very Important
 In July 1944, representatives from 45 nations met
in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, US to discuss
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the recovery of Europe from World War and to resolve
international trade and monetary issues.
 The resulting Bretton Woods Agreement established
the:
International Bank for
Reconstruction and International Monetary
Development (the World Fund (IMF) to manage the
Bank) to provide long international monetary system
term loans to of fixed exchange rates
Europe's recovery. assis
t
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
 To resolve monetary problem
 To enhance flow of international liquidity
IMF began operations on march, 1947
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
 First drawings made by France on 8th May, 1947
 An organization of 188 countries,
 Working to foster :
 global monetary cooperation,
 secure financial stability,
 facilitate international trade,
 promote high employment and
 sustainable economic growth, and
 reduce poverty around the world.
 Governed by and accountable to the 188 countries
that make up its nearglobal membership.
RESOLVE
Enhance flow of Began operations
MONETARY
international on march, 1947
PROBLEM
liquidity
 International
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monetary First drawings
fund made by France
•Working to foster : on 8th may,
Global monetary cooperation, 1947
An organization
Secure financial stability, of 188
Facilitate international trade, countries
Promote high employment and
Sustainable economic growth,
and
Reduce poverty around the
world.
 Membership: 188 countries
 Headquarters: washington, D.C.
 Executive board: 24 directors each representing a single
country or a group of countries
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 Biggest borrowers (amounts outstanding as of
3/13/15):
portugal, greece, ireland, ukraine
 Original aims:
 Promote international monetary cooperation;
 Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of
international trade;
 Promote exchange stability;
 Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of
payments; and
 Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to
members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
Ms. Antriksha Negi
THE IMF’S RESPONSIBILITIES
 Surveillance:
 To maintain stability and prevent crises in the
international monetary system, the IMF reviews
country policies and national, regional, and global
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economic and financial developments through a formal
system known as surveillance.
 Financial assistance
 Technical assistance:
 tax policy and administration, expenditure
management, monetary and exchange rate policies,
banking and financial system supervision and
regulation, legislative frameworks, and statistics.
 SDRs : An international reserve asset
 Resources
 Governance
The Foreign exchange reserves of India
consists of below four categories.
(a) Foreign Currency Assets
(b) Gold
(c) SDRs
(d) Reserve Position in the IMF

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SDRS
An international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to
supplement the existing official reserves of member countries.
It is neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF.
An interestbearing international reserve asset created
by the IMF in 1969 to supplement other reserve assets of member
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countries.
In addition to its role as a supplementary reserve asset, the SDR serves
as the unit of account of the IMF and some other international
organizations.
• There are entitlement granted to member countries who can draw from
IMF apart from their quotas.
• When SDR’s are allocated to the countries special drawing account is
credited with the amount allotted.
• When countries require foreign exchange it can sell SDR’s to another
country and get foreign exchange.
• Most important feature of SDR:
• There are distributed among member countries in
proportion to their quotas.
SDR’S VALUE BASED ON A BASKET
OF KEY INTERNATIONAL CURRENCIES
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The euro, Japanese yen, pound
sterling, and U.S. Dollar
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Ms. Antriksha Negi
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IMF ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
Negi
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Ms. Antriksha Negi
IBRD IDA IFC
Establish 1944 1960 1956
ed:
Members: 188 172 184
Mission: Broad poverty Broad poverty Promote private
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Ms. Antriksha
reduction reduction sector investment
Clients: Middle-income and Poorest countries Businesses in
creditworthy low- developing
income countries countries where
there is limited
access to capital
Tools: Loans, guarantees, Interest-free loans, Commercial-rate
analytical and grants, analytical loans, equity
advisory services and advisory investments,
services resource
mobilization,
advisory services
IBRD IDA IFC
Objectives • Reconstruction • To provide • To invest
and and development finance in private
Functions development • Poverty alleviation in enterprises
• Eradicate poorest countries of • Seeks to
poverty world like Malawi, bring together
• Universal Burundi, Niger investment
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primary • Raise standard of opportunities.
education living • Flow of capital
• Promote • Productivity and
private economic growth in
foreign less
investment developed nations.
Organizatio
nal
structure
IBRD • IDA IFC
Resources • 2% of share • Capital • Mainly
capital in form contribute from
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of gold and US by developed
dollars. members nations.
(available for nations
lending ) and
• 18% of share accumulated
capital in form of reserves
own currency • Can
• 80% is kept also borrow
in reserves from world
(Not bank
available for
lending )
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Ms. Antriksha Negi
SOURCE : IMF
Basis IMF World bank
Objectives Oversees international Seeks to promote economic
monetary system and promotes development and structural
international reforms in developing nations
monetary cooperation
Areas Promotes exchange stability and Assists developing countries by
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of concern orderly exchange relations among providing long term finance for
it members developmental projects
BOP Assist members in temporary BOP Provides special financial
difficulties by providing them assistance to
with the opportunity to correct itpoorest developing countries
through IDA
Financing Supplements the reserves of its Stimulates private
members by allocating SDR’s if enterprises in developing
there is a long term global need. countries through IFC
Mode Draw its financial resources Acquires most of its financial
of principally from the quota resources by borrowing on the
transaction subscriptions of its members . international bond market
s
WORLD BANK
FUNCTIONS
 Construction and development of the territories
 Promote private investment and long run
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balanced growth of international trade and BOP
 Arrange loans made or guaranteed by it. So that
more useful and urgent projects receive

preference.
 Provide finance to projects from its own capital,
funds raised by it and by participating with other
members.
WORLD BANK
OBJECTIVES
(i) Investing in people, particularly through basic
health and education;
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(ii)Focusing on social development, governance and
institutionbuilding as the major elements of poverty
alleviation;
(iii)Strengthening the ability of the governments to
deliver quality services with greater efficiency and
transparency;
(iv) Protecting the environment;
(v)Supporting and encouraging private business
development and longterm planning.
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Ms. Antriksha
Jim Yong Kim MD, PhD, also known as Kim Yong, is a South Korean
and American physician and anthropologist who has served as the 12th
President of the World Bank since July 1, 2012
Ms. Antriksha Negi
BRICS FACT FILE
 Coined by Jim O'Neill, then chairman of Goldman Sachs in 2001
 An alliance formed in 2006
 BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging
economies:
 Brazil
 Russia
 India
 China
 South Africa
• Inaugural BRIC summit took place in Russia on June
16, 2009.
• BRICS members are developing or newly industrialized countries.
 They all are deemed to be at a similar stage of newly
advanced
economic development.
 Goldman Sachs expects the BRICS to account for close to 40 % of
global GDP by 2050 and to have become world’s top five economies.
Ms. Antriksha Negi
OBJECTIVES
OF
 Comparative advantages of BRICS nations :
 Brazil : Healthy export trade in coffee, sugar, soya beans,
textiles and electrical equipment.
 Russia : World's richest countries in raw materials, around
20 percent of the world's production of oil and natural gas
 India : Democracy , Demographic dividend and Demand
 China : Manufactured goods such as consumer electronics
etc.
 South Africa : Gold, diamonds, platinum, 40 per cent of the
world's gold reserves
 These countries encompass over 25% of the world's land coverage
and 40% of the world's population and hold a combined
GDP(PPP) of $20 trillion.
 Could become among the five most dominant economies by the
year
2050.
 Working together, the BRICS countries can carve out the future
economic order between themselves.
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
BRICS VS. ROW :
STANDING IN WORLD ECONOMY
Ms. Antriksha Negi
SOURCE :
IMF
BRICS
MILESTONES
 Global financial crisis and strengthening group
 Called for greater representation at international
level
 MoU’s on cooperation among BRICS export credit
and guaranteed agencies.
 Explore avenues of cooperation in insurance
and
reinsurance market
 Broad vision and shared prosperity
 Contingency reserve arrangement
 New development bank
HIGHLIGHTS OF SUMMIT
 Hosted by Brazil at Fortaleza
 Sustainable solutions for inclusive growth
 New Development Bank (NDB)
 Contingent Reserve Arrangement,

or reserve pool
WHY NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK
(NDB) ?
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
Ms. Antriksha Negi
Ms. Antriksha Negi
SOURC
IMF
E :
NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK (NDB)
 The New Development Bank (NDB), is
multilateral
development bank operated by the BRICS states as an
alternative to the existing US dominated World Bank and
International Monetary Fund.
 $100 billion BRICS Development Bank and a reserve
currency pool worth over another $100 billion

(contingent reserve arrangement) a deal that gives
each country’s central bank access to emergency supplies of
foreign currency.
 Initial capital of $50 billion.
 Each member country will contribute an equal share and
have equal voting rights.
 The first president will be from India.
 It will be headquartered in Shanghai, China.
VSBS, VIPS
 The Bank is set up to foster greater financial and
development cooperation among the five
emerging markets.
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Unlike the World Bank, which assigns votes
based on capital share, in the New Development
Bank each participant country will
assigned one vote, and countries be
no have veto power. will
PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONS OF
NDB
 Mobilize resources for infrastructure and
sustainable development projects in BRICS and
other emerging economies and developing countries.
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Will support public or private projects through
loans, guarantees, equity participation and other

financial instruments.
 It shall also cooperate with international
organizations and other financial entities, and provide
technical assistance for projects to be supported by the
Bank.
 Initial authorized capital of USD 100 billion.
 The initial subscribed capital shall be of USD 50
billion to be equally shared by the founding
members.
 The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to
achieve by 2030:
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of
people living on less than $1.90 a day to no more than
3%
 Promote shared prosperity by fostering the
income
growth of the bottom 40% for every country
 The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical
assistance to developing countries around the world.
 Established in 1944, the World Bank Group is
headquartered in Washington, D.C. and have more than
10,000 employees in more than 120 offices worldwide.
FINANCIAL PRODUCTS
 Provides lowinterest loans, zero to low
AND ERVICES
interest S
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
credits, and grants to developing countries.
 infrastructure,
These support afinancial
wide array ofand private in
investments
development, sector
such areas as education, health,
natural resource management.
agriculture, and environmental and
public administration,
 Also provide or facilitate financing through trust fund
partnerships with bilateral and multilateral donors.
 Many partners have asked the Bank to help manage
initiatives that address needs across a wide range of
sectors and developing regions.
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND 1945
DEVELOPMENT (IBRD)
 An international financial institution that offers loans to middleinco
developing countries. me
 The IBRD is the first of five member institutions that compose the
world bank group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
states.
 It was established in 1944 with the mission of financing the
reconstruction of European nations devastated by world war.
 The IBRD and its concessional lending arm, the international
development association, are collectively known as the world bank as
 The IBRD provides commercialgrade concessional financing to
they share the same leadership and staff.
 or states to fund projects that seek to
Following the reconstruction of Europe, the bank's mandate expanded
improve:
to advancing worldwide economic development and eradicating poverty.
 Transportation and infrastructure,
investments, healthcare,
 access to food and potable water, and access to improved sanitation.
Education, domestic policy,
 Environmental consciousness,
energy
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
1956
 An international financial institution that offers
investment, advisory, and asset management
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
services to encourage private sector development
in developing countries.
 IFC's stated aim is to create opportunities for
people to escape poverty and achieve better living
standards by mobilizing financial resources for
private enterprise, promoting accessible and
competitive markets, supporting businesses and
other private sector entities, and creating jobs
and delivering necessary services to those who
are povertystricken or otherwise vulnerable.
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION
1960
 An international institution which
offers
financial concessional loans and grants to
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
the world's poorest developing countries.
 The IDA is a member of the World Bank Group
and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.,

United States.
 Objectives of IDA:
 To provide development finance
 To provide assistance for poverty alleviations
 Raise standard of living, productivity
and economic growth
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION
1960
 All member’s of IDA can become members of IDA
 There are two types of
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
members
:
 Part 1 : Developed nations
 Part 2 : Developing nations
 The board of governors and executive directors of
IBRD are also that of IDA
 Staff of IBRD from president to officers
manage
the IDA
 Lending criteria of IDA:
 Poverty criteria
 Performance criteria
GLOBALIZATION AND
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Globalisation is the process by which the
world is becoming increasingly interconnected
as a result of massively increased trade and
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
cultural exchange.
.
 Globalisation has increased the production of
goods and services
Ms. Antriksha Negi
FOREIGN DIRECT
 A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an
INVESTMENT (FDI)
investment made by a company or entity based in
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
one country, into a company or entity based in
another country.
 foreign direct investment (FDI) is a
controlling ownership in a business enterprise
in one country by an entity based in another
country.
ROUTES OF FDI
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
INVESTING IN
INDIA
AUTOMATIC ROUTE PRIOR

PERMISSION
(F.I.P.B.)
ONLY
INFORMATION DECISION
GENERAL EXCEPTION GENERALLY
TO RBI
WITHIN 30 RULE NO PRIOR WITHIN 4
DAYS OF PRIOR GOVERNMENT TO 6
INFLOW/ PERMISSION APPROVAL WEEKS
ISSUE OF NEEDED
REQUIRED
SHARES
Ms. Antriksha Negi
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
Source :indianexpress.com
ROUTES FOR FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT
 Automatic Route
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
No prior Government approval is required if the investment
to be made falls within the sectoral caps specified for the
listed activities. Only filings have to be made by the Indian
company with the concerned regional office of the Reserve
Bank of India (“RBI”) within 30 days of receipt of remittance
and within 30 days of issuance of shares
 FIPB Route
Investment proposals falling outside the automatic route

would require prior Government approval. Foreign
Investment requiring Government approvals are considered
and approved by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board
(“FIPB”). Decision of the FIPB usually conveyed in 46 weeks.
Thereafter, filings have to be made by the Indian company
with the RBI
ILLUSTRATIVE LIST OF SECTORS UNDER
AUTOMATIC ROUTE FOR FDI UP TO 100%
Advertising and Films
• Computer related Services
• Research and Development Services
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
• Construction and related Engineering Services
• Pollution Control and Management Services
• Urban Planning and Landscape Services
• Architectural Services
• Health related & Social Services
• Travel related services
• Road Transport Services
• Maritime Transport Services
• Internal Waterways Transport Services
• Electricity Generation (except Atomic energy)
•Electricity Transmission
• Electricity Distribution
• Mass Rapid Transport System
• Roads & Highways
• Toll Roads
• Vehicular Bridges
• Ports & Harbours
• Hotel & Tourism
•Townships, Housing, Builtup Infrastructure and Construction Development
FDI PROHIBITED
SECTORS
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
FDI - SECTORAL GUIDELINES
UNDER FIPB ROUTE
 AIRPORTS
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Foreign Investment upto 100% is allowed in green field
projects under automatic route
 Foreign Direct Investment is allowed in existing
projects
-upto 74% under automatic route
-beyond 74% and upto 100% subject to Government
approval
 TELECOM
Automatic upto 49%
FIPB beyond 49% but upto 74%
UNDER FIPB ROUTE
 INSURANCE
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
FDI upto 26% allowed on the automatic route
However, license from the Insurance Regulatory &
Development Authority (IRDA) has to be obtained
 PETROLEUM
For petroleum refining activity 100% FDI is
permitted in Indian Private Companies under
automatic route and upto 26% FDI is permitted in
Public Sector Undertakings with Government
approval
UNDER FIPB ROUTE
 PRIVATE SECTOR BANKING
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
Foreign Investment upto 74% is permitted from all
sources (FDI +FII) under the automatic route subject to
guidelines for setting up of branches/subsidiaries of
foreign banks issued by RBI from time to time.
 PRINT MEDIA
FDI upto 26% in publishing news papers and
periodicals dealing in news and current affairs subject
to verification of antecedents of foreign investor and
keeping editorial and management control in the hands
of resident Indians
Ms. Antriksha Negi
July 17,
2015
ADVANTAGES OF FDI
 Large and growing market
 World class scientific, technical and
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
managerial manpower
 Cost-effective and highly skilled labor
 Access to global market place for domestic
players
 Contribution to exports growth
 Large availability of capital
 Increase domestic savings and investments
 Increase in Forex Reserves
DISADVANTAGE OF FDI
 Crowding of local industry
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Loss of control
 Repatriation of profits ( dividends by
investor)
 Effects on local culture / sentiments – socio
cultural effects
Foreign Institutional Investor
(FII)
 Foreign Institutional Investment is used to denote an
investor mostly of the form of an institution or entity,
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
which invests money in the financial markets of a
country different from the one where in the institution
or entity was originally incorporated.
 FII investment is frequently referred to as hot money
for the reason that it can leave the country at the same
speed at which it comes in.
Agencies Regulating FII in India
 RBI: the apex bank
 FIPB: reviews all foreign investment proposals
 SEBI: which regulates India's capital markets
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FDI AND
FII FDI FII
1. FDI is when a foreign company brings FII is when a foreign company buys equity in
capital into a country or an economy to set a company through the stock markets.
up a production or some other facility. FDI Therefore, in this case, FII would not give the
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
gives the foreign company some control in foreign company any control in the company.
the operations of the company
2. Foreign direct investment involves in the Foreign portfolio investment is a short-term

direct production activity and also of investment mostly in the financial markets
medium to long-term nature and it consists of Foreign Institutional
Investment (FII).
3. It enables a degree of control in the It does not involve obtaining a degree

company. of control in a company.
4. FDI brings long-term capital, The FII brings short-term one

ADVANTAGES OF FII
 Trading and delivery volume raises
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Volatility will be curtailed
 More liquidity will created
 Standard will be improved because of
investors quality
Disadvantages of
FII
 Problems of Inflation.
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 Hot Money.
 False representation of economy.
 Cannot be utilized for long term.
 Problem for small investor.
AREAS AFFECTED BY
 Stock market
FII
The FII’s profit from investing in emerging financial stock
markets, say the Indian stock Exchange. If the cap on FII is high
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
then they can bring in lot of funds in the countries stock markets
and thus have great influence on the way the stock markets
behaves, going up or down. The FII buying pushes the stocks up
and their selling shows the stock market the downward path. So
this is how influencing FII can be, as is seen in the present
downtrend of the stock markets in India courtesy heavy FII
selling.
 Exchange Rates
The simple way of understanding is through Demand and
Supply. If say US imports from India it is creating a demand for
Rupee thus the Indian rupee appreciates w.r.t the dollar. If India
imports then the dollar appreciates w.r.t the Indian rupee.
AREAS AFFECTED BY FII
 Exports & Imports
The FII lead to appreciation of the currency, they lead to the
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
exports industry becoming uncompetitive due to the
appreciation of the rupee. For e.g. if 1 USD = Rs.40 and a soap
costs 1 USD. Now when the rupee appreciates 1 USD = Rs. 20,
I will have to sell the same soap to the US for 2 US Dollars in
order to sustain the same income that I have been making i.e.
Rs.40. Thus excess FII fund inflow in the country can also
make a negative impact on the economy of the country.
 Inflation
The huge amount of FII fund inflow into the country creates
a lot of demand for rupee, and the RBI pumps the amount of
Rupee in the market as a result of demand created by the
FII’s. This situation could lead to excess liquidity
Thus there should be a limit to the FII inflow in the country.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN ECONOMY
 Effect of Globalisation on Students and Education Sectors:
 Due to globalisation, the availability of study books and information on the
internet or the World Wide Web (www) have increased tremendously. However,
the exorbitant cost factors have made higher and specialised education beyond the
 Engineering,
Hundreds of Medical and Management
universities
reach of poor and middle class students. have studies,
started the coursewith
collaborating fees are
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
foreign universities
hovering around Indian institutions. This
Rs.20 to Rs.50 lakhs. Intelligent hasstudents
affected the
from
and study course fees.For
middle and poor class may have to settle for daily wages earning in
future as they cannot afford for the same.
 Effect on Health Sectors:
 It is unbelievable that in India, poor people have to spend a
minimum of Rs.200 for a mere seasonal cold or minor stomach
ailments, thanks to the multinationals pharmaceutical companies
engaged in sky rocketing cost of common medicines under their
brand names.
 The private sector hospitals like Apollo, Medicare will be only too
happy to prepare a bill of Rs.5 lakh to Rs.10 lakh for heart or
Kidney operation. The monitoring of health electronically through
the internet will worsen the situation further in the years to come.
 Effect on Agricultural sector:
 The globalisation of trade in the agricultural sector is perhaps proving to be
a big blunder. The farmers will have to pay a very heavy price, for better
variety of imported seeds having resistance to diseases, because of the
patent rights imposed by WTO.
 Over and above, the Indian farmer cannot export their products to rich
countries because of inferior technology and stringent quality parameters
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
imposed by foreign consumers. The large scale suicide by Indian farmers in
Karnataka, Punjab and Haryana under the burden of heavy loans is
directly attributed to this.
 The Indian agriculture is almost on its deathbed. The minimum cost of
eatable rice is Rs.12 per kg and apples from Australia at Rs. 100 to Rs.150
per kg cannot be afforded by
poor.
 Effect on Employment sector:
 The employment scenario in India is probably the worst in recent years due
to globalisation. The restrictions of use of child labour and fair pay to
workers have a badly affected the traditional industries like cottage,
handloom, artisans and carving, carpet, jewellery, ceramic, and glassware
etc., where the specialised skills inherited for generations were passed on to
the next generation from the early age of 6 to 7 years. The globalisation and
trade restrictions under the influence of WTO have virtually killed business
 Conclusion: (Positive aspects):
 Though globalisation and liberalisation of trade have resulted in the
availability of large number of quality products at reasonable price, the
overall economic benefits are negated due to the slow death of small
scale and traditional goods producing sectors employing a large
population.
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
 The rising cost of basic sustenance products like garments, footwear,
cereals, edible oils, petrol and kerosene, medicines and health care
items, decrease in farm output, decrease in purchasing power of poor are
some of the alarming issues that have given rise to serious doubts about
the benefits of globalisation.
 The increasing wide gap between the poor and the rich is a major cause
of concern as ” will attribute to the increase in crime rates, lawlessness,
antinational activities, terrorism, abduction, black mailing etc. The
globalisation process, that enables investment of foreign money, may
turn out to be a serious ‘debt rap’ in future as was experienced in
Indonesia, Brazil, Korea and some other countries.
 Moreover, for a common man, the globalisation is of no meaning. He
wants a secured source in terms of earning money, maintains his
livelihood, has reasonable savings and appreciates a trouble free life.
Therefore, globalisation may only add to the India’s woes.
 Conclusion: (Positive aspects):
 The biggest contribution of globalisation is in the field of quality
and development of products with various features to suit the
Indians. There are varieties of semiprocessed food products to suit
Negi
Ms. Antriksha
Globalisation has contributed tremendously to have access
every taste in the market which has helped us to save time.
important information towards quality education to Due
globalisation; the communication sector has got a tremendous boost.
to
 We have now cell phones; internet and the availability of latest
drugs are helping to save valuable lives along with good doctors
sitting across the Web to advice. Due to globalisation, the car
manufacturer like Maruti is not able to take us as for ride.
 Now, wide choices are available to select electronic goods. Life is
more comfortable with cheaper air conditioners. Most importantly,
the unscrupulous Indian manufacturers are not able to take us for a
ride. Thanks to globalisation, we are able to dream to send a man to
the moon due to a better economy and technological competence.
Approaches in International Business
1. ETHNOCENTRIC ORIENTATION:
2. REGIOCENTRIC ORIENTATION :
3. GEOCENTRIC ORIENTATION :
4. POLYCENTRIC OPERATION :

VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
Ethno centric approach
• The word ethnocentrism derives from the Greek word "ethnos",
meaning
"nation" or "people," and the English word center or centrism.
• Guided by domestic market extension concept
• Domestic strategies, techniques, and personnel are perceived as superior.
– International markets are secondary, regarded primarily as outlets
for surplus domestic production.
• Such companies concentrate their efforts on production and sales,
but mainly on the domestic market.
• Activity on a foreign market is usually perceived as a temporary
activity. Hence, patterns of market behavior are based on
the
experience gained from the domestic market. Moreover,
such
patterns are usually not modified in any significant way to fit the
foreign market. Organizational culture,
Ms. Antriksha Negi, marketing,
Assistant Professor , procedures and
VSBS, VIPS
Poly centric approach
• Guided by the multi-domestic marketing concept
• Focuses on the importance and uniqueness of
international
each market
• Firms establish independent businesses in each
target
• Fully
country. decentralized, minimal coordination
headquarters
with
• Marketing strategies are specific to each country.
• Outcomes:
– No economies of scale
– Duplicated functions
– Higher final product costs

VSBS, VIPS
Regio centric approach
• Guided by the global marketing concept
• World regions that share economic, political, and/or
cultural traits are perceived as distinct markets. (e.g.
EU, NAFTA)
• Divisions are organized based on location.
• Regional offices coordinate marketing activities.

VSBS, VIPS
Geo centric approach
• Guided by the global marketing concept
• Marketing strategies aimed at market segments,
rather than geographic locations
• Maximizes efficiencies worldwide and provides
standardized product or service throughout the
world
• E.g. McDonalds

20
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
Types of entry
modes

VSBS, VIPS
Types of entry modes
• Export entry mode • Hierarchical entry mode

 Indirect export :
 Direct export M&A
 Cooperative export Green field
• Intermediate entry mode

 Licensing
 Franchising
 Contract manufacturing
Joint ventures

VSBS, VIPS
Export entry mode

VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
Intermediate entry mode

80
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
Contract manufacturing

VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
Contract manufacturing

VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
90
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS
VSBS, VIPS

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UNIT I Lectures: 20

Overview: International Business- Introduction, Concept, Definition, Scope, Trends,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

• International business refers to business that

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Japan to loan India Rs5479 crore for metro project

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

• International business refers to business that

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

• Foreign Investments : FDI vs FII

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

earthquakes, tsunami, freezing, draught etc.

• Reasons for the firms going international

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Read more at:

By Sagar Malviya, ET Bureau | Updated: Jan 11, 2017, 12.50 AM IST

Sleeping in public is especially prevalent on

• Global climate change

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Risk Less Comparatively greater

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Restricti Tariffs and quotas are not Many restrictions are

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Research It is easy to conduct It is very difficult and costly.

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

– Brazil : Healthy export trade in coffee, sugar, soya

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Michael Porter’s five forces model

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

• Industry rivalry mean the intensity of competition

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Differentiation Overall cost

High market share,

firstcry.com/ Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Japanese electronic market

Canon, Casio, Citizen, Fujifilm,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

Ms. Antriksha Negi, Assistant Professor ,

more useful and urgent projects receive

 Contingent Reserve Arrangement,

currency pool worth over another $100 billion

loans, guarantees, equity participation and other

 The initial subscribed capital shall be of USD 50

and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.,

AUTOMATIC ROUTE PRIOR