“Activated Carbon Adsorption”

A
Seminar Presentation
Submitted
in partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In Department of Civil Engineering

Supervisor: Submitted by:

Mr. Shuvham Singhal Aakash Kaliraman
Mr. Sonu Kumar Roll No.-15ESDCE001
Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

Poornima Group of Institutions
BT-01, Biotechnological park,
Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
Rajasthan Technical University
(March-2019)
 Outlines
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Theoretical Modelling
Experimental observation
Results and future scope
References
 Introduction
• The adsorption is the process of accumulating substances that
are in solution on a suitable interface.
• Adsorption is a mass transfer operation in that a constituent in
liquid phase is transferred to the solid phase.
• The adsorbate is the substance that is being removed from the
liquid phase at the interface.
• Activated carbon is a solid, porous, black carbonaceous
material.
• It is distinguished from elemental carbon by the absence of
both impurities and an oxidized surface.
• It can be prepared from a large number of sources such as
coconut, wood, peat, coal, tar, sawdust, and cellulose residues.
 TYPES OF ACTIVATED CARBON
• Powdered Activated Carbon
• PAC for water treatment: The feed location of PAC can be
at any point prior to filtration.
• The most common locations are in the flash mixer or
flocculator since these pieces of equipment will mix the PAC
into the water very well.
• Granular activated carbon, also known as GAC, has a larger
particle size than PAC with an associated greater surface area.
Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source materials such
as bamboo,coconut husk,willow peat, wood, coir, lignite,coal,and
petroleum pitch. It can be produced by one of the following processes

Physical activation: The source material is developed into activated

carbons using hot gases. Air is then introduced to burn out the
gasses,creating a graded,screened and de dusted form of activated
carbon. This is generally done by using one or a combination of the
following processes

2. Chemical activation: Prior to carbonization, the raw material is

impregnated with certain chemicalsThe chemical is typically an acid,
strong base,(phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium ) This is
generally done by using one or a combination of the following processes
 Literature Review
• R-1:- Mohammad Saleh Shafeeyan , Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
9.0, Amirhossein Houshmand, Ahmad Shamiri
The influence of surface modification of activated carbon with gaseous
ammonia on adsorption properties toward carbon dioxide (CO2) was
reviewed. It was apparent from the literature survey that the surface
chemistry of activated carbon strongly affects the adsorption capacity.
In general, CO2 adsorption capacity of activated carbon can be
increased by the introduction ofbasic nitrogen functionalities into the
carbon surface. Accordingly, in this review the impact of changes in
surface chemistry and formation of specific surface groups on
adsorption properties of activated carbon were studied. Two different
methods, heat treatment and ammonia treatment (amination) for
producing activated carbon with basic surface were compared.
Amination was found to be suitable modification technique for
obtaining efficient CO2 adsorbents. Finally, the common
characterization methods were also mentioned.
• R-2:- Nikita Chrishel Corda, M. Srinivas Kini Department of
Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
In tills article efficiency of activated carbon as a potent adsorbent of
cationic dyes has been reviewed. Non-biodegradable nature of
pollutants and their removal in the present generation is a great
challenge. Therefore, extensive study on adsorption of these classes of
pollutants from water bodies is being carried out. Methylene blue
(majorly) a dye seen in the effluent streamas of textile, printing, paper
industries along with some of the commonly used cationic dyes in
process industries and their sorption on activated carbon are reviewed
here. High cost of commercially activated carbon which is a limitation
to its extensive use have paved way for study of adsorption by naturally
obtained and extracted activated carbon from agricultural wastes and
various other sources.
R-3:- K. Gurudaå, V.S. Tripathi & A.K. Sen
activated carbon having superior adsorption scheme of defence against
chemical potential has gone on Activated carbons derived from coconut
shell, viz., antigas canisters, suits, gloves ahd socks, wood and coal are
well-known and so are the collective shelters, air upply system and
nuclear advantages and disadvantages associated with biological
chemical (NBC) water treatment Activated carbon derived by
carbonisation plants, etc. The adsorption capacity oft activated carbon is
characterised in terms of surface area and pore size distribution. It may
be inferred that adsorbent carbon fibre has many advantages over
activated carbon obtained from natural resources
 Methodology
• At the beginning searching about the topic on the internet.
• Read review papers related to activated carbon adsorption
• Prepare a short content on activated carbon adsorption .
• Present a black board presentation on my topic.
• Analysis the all review papers and related content on activated
carbon adsorption .
• Conclude all the review papers and related works on activated
carbon adsorption
• Result Discussion on activated carbon adsorption
• Report writing.
 Theoretical Modelling
1. Radubinin Raduskevish Equation
Dubinin postulated that the amount of vapour adsorbed (W) by an activated
carbon source, at a relative pressure (P/Ps), is a function of the thermodynamic
potential (A),expressed as A = RT ln (Ps/P) where R is the universal gas
constant, T is the absolute temperature, Ps is the saturated vapour pressure at
temperature T, and P is the partial pressure of the adsorbate..
W = W0 ∗ exp (A/βE0)2
2 Freundlich Isotherm
• Where, x/m is the mass of adsorbate adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent,
mg adsorbate/ g activated carbon
• Kf = Freundlich capacity factor, (mg absorbate/ g activated carbon)
• Ce = equilibrium concentration of adsorbate in solution after adsorption,
mg/L
• 1/n = Freundlich intensity parameter

x/m = KfCe1/n
3. Langmuir Isotherm
• fixed number of accessible sites are available on the adsorption surface, all
of which have the same energy.
• adsorption is reversible. Equilibrium is reached when the rate of adsorption
of molecules son to the surface is same as the rate of desorption of
molecules from the surface
.

4. Adsorption kinetics -
the Wheeler-Jonas equation is the most widely used to estimate the
breakthrough time of organic compounds on activated carbon
Experimental observation
Fixed bed type
• A fixed bed column is used commonly for contacting waste water
with GAC. Fixed bed columns can be operated singly, in series or in
parallel
• . Granular medium filters are commonly used upstream of the
activated carbon contractors to remove the organics associated with
the suspended solids present in secondary effluent.
• The advantage of down flow design is that adsorption of organics
and filtration of suspended solids is accomplished in a single step.
Although up flow fixed bed reactors have been used, down flow
beds are used more commonly to lessen the chance of accumulating
particulate matter in the bottom of the bed
Expanded bed type
• Expanded bed, moving bed and pulsed-bed carbon contactors have
also been developed to overcome the problems associated with head
loss build-up.
• In expanded bed system, the influent is introduced at the bottom of
the column and the activated carbon is allowed to expand, much as a
filter bed expands during backwash.
• When the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon is exhausted, the
bottom portion of carbon is removed, and an equivalent amount of
regenerated or virgin carbon is added to the top of the column
Fluidized bed reactor type
• A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be
used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
• In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a
granular activated carbon at high enough velocities to suspend the
solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process,
known as fluidization,
• The solid substrate (activated carbon) material in the fluidized bed
reactor is typically supported by a porous plate, known as a
distributor. The fluid is then forced through the distributor up
through the activated carbon
 Results Discussion
most of study and experiments on activated carbon adsorption
and its impact on most commonly encountered form in industry
occurs when a solid cataiyst interacts with a gaseous feedstock
the reactant the adsorption reactant to the catalyst surface creates
a chemical bond alering the electron density around the reactant
molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not
normally be available to it. Activated carbon is a solid, porous,
black carbonaceous material. Adsorption is a mass transfer
operation in that a constituent in liquid phase is transferred to the
solid phase
 Future scope
• adsorption and treatment of organic contaminants using activated
carbon adsorption from waste
• effect of point of use activated carbon filters on the bacteriological
quality of rural water supply
 References
1. Elslander H., De Fre R.,Geuzens P., Wevers M. (1993). Comparative
evaluation of possible gas purification systems for the combustion
of household waste. In: Energie & Milieu,9
2. Vanderreydt I. (2001). Inventory of the waste incineration sector in
Flanders. Vito,2001/ MIM/R/030
3. Work-book on environmental measures: !81Metal and electro-
technical industry@ (1998 ). VNG publishers
4. P. Van den Steen, A. Vercalsteren and R. Dijkmans., 18J Best
Available Techniques for Dry cleaning l8l, December 1997
5. www.google.com
6. www.wikipedia.com