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Caffeine
Is known to cross the placenta, and it enters the fetal bloodstream.
Safety measures, it is suggested that pregnant women limit their caffeine intake to 2
cups of caffeine containing beverages each day or less than 300mg/day.
Drugs
It vary in their effects, but self prescribed drugs, including vitamins and minerals
supplements and dangerous illegal drugs cal all damage the fetus.
Drugs derived from vit A can cause fetal malformations and spontaneous abortion.
Illegal drugs can cause the infant to be born addicted to whatever substance the mother
Used nd, possibly to be born with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)
AZT (Zidovudine)
is prescribed in an attempt to prevent the spread of disease to the developing fetus.
Tobacco smoking
In pregnant women for some time associated with babies of reduced birth weight.
The more the mother smokes, the smaller her baby will be
Because smoking reduces the oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood.
Let down reflex – the infants sucking initiates the release of oxytocin which causes
the ejection of milk into the infant’s mouth.
It is a supply and demand mechanism. The more an infant nurses, the more milk
the mother produces.
Human milk is formulated to meet the nutrient needs of infants for the first 6
months of life. Iron content in breast milk is very low but it is very well absorbed;
therefore n iron supplement is needed for breastfed babies.
Benefits of breastfeeding
Nutritional
Contains just the right amount of lactose, water, essential fatty acids
and amino acids for brain development, growth and digestion.contains
at least 100ingredients not found in formula
Breastfed babies have a lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea,
allergies, and hospital admissions.
Receives immunities from their mother for the disease that their
mother has had or has been exposed to
When baby was ill- mothers immune system will start making
antibodies for the baby
Sucking the breast promotes good jaw development and encourages
the growth of straight heathy teeth
Facilitates bonding between the mother and the child
Helps in losing the pounds gained during pregnancy and stimulating the
uterus to contract to its original size
A calorie incinerator
You may have heard that nursing burns up to 500 calories a day. And
that’s almost right. “Breast milk contains 20 calories per ounce,”
Lawrence explains. “If you feed your baby 20 ounces a day, that’s 400
calories you’ve swept out of your body.”
When your full milk comes in (usually three to four days after delivery),
it is higher in both sugar and volume than colostrum—again, just what
your baby requires. “He needs a lot of calories and frequent feedings to
fuel his rapid growth,” Kelly explains. “Your mature milk is designed to
be digested quickly so he’ll eat often.”
A menstruation vacation
Breastfeeding your baby around the clock—no bottles or formula— will
delay ovulation, which means delayed menstruation. “Breastfeeding
causes the release of prolactin, which keeps estrogen and progesterone
at bay so ovulation isn’t triggered,”
Kelly explains.
“When your prolactin levels drop, those two hormones can kick back in,
which means ovulation—and, hence, menstruation—occurs.”
Even if you do breastfeed exclusively, your prolactin levels will
eventually drop over the course of several months. Many moms who
solely nurse will see their periods return between six and eight months
after delivery, Kelly adds; others don’t for a full year.
Less time off work
Your baby will be ill less often, so that means fewer sick days for you.
Sore nipples
The most common cause of pain during breastfeeding is due to nipple
trauma caused by improper positioning and inappropriate latch-on.7 Other
causes include short/flat or inverted nipples, oral dysfunctions in the
infant, excessively short frenulum, prolonged nonnutritive sucking,
improper use of milk pumps, not breaking suction before taking the infant
off of the breast, use of creams and oils that cause allergic reactions on
the nipples, use of nipple shields and prolonged exposure to wet nursing
pads. The myth that fair-skinned women are more vulnerable to nipple
trauma than dark-skinned women has never been confirmed.
May be prevented by proper positioning of baby on breast
The areola should be in the baby's mouth with tongue extended against
lower lip
Prevention
Pain on breastfeeding is an important cause of weaning and, therefore, its prevention is
essential. Preventive measures include the following:8
– use a proper breastfeeding technique;
– keep the nipples dry by exposing them to air or sunlight and change the nursing pads
used to prevent milk flow, on a regular basis;
– avoid products that remove the natural protection of nipples, such as soaps, alcohol or
any drying agent;
– breastfeed on demand – infants who are put to the breast as soon as they show they
want to feed feel less hungry and tend not to suck vigorously on the breast;
– manually express milk from the areola before breastfeeding if it is engorged, since this
increases flexibility and allows for a proper latch-on;
– if a feeding has to be discontinued, slip the index or little finger into the infant's mouth
between his/her gums to break suction before the infant is taken off of the breast;
– avoid the use of nipple shields.
Treatment
offer the least affected breast first;
express enough milk before breastfeeding to stimulate the let-down reflex, thus
preventing the infant from sucking too vigorously on the breast;
use oral systemic analgesics, if necessary.
May be prevented by proper positioning of baby on breast
The areola should be in the baby’s mouth with tongue extended against
lower lip
Condition: Flat or Inverted Nipples
The hind milk is richer and higher in a fat content than milk from the
other parts of the breast. Because of the high caloric value of fat found
in the hind milk, the let down reflex is crucial for the infants adequate
weight gain. Relaxation techniques are important for successful
lactation. Humor is useful in helping the nursing mother to relax; it
should be encouraged by the nurse and healthcare professional.
: breast engorgement
is a common occurrence in a first few days after delivery. Temporary
measures to release excess milk include taking of warm shower or
leaning with exposed breast over a sink full of warm water.
When engorgement diminished, the infant will be better able to grasp
the nipple thereby allowing emptying of the breast. Short frequent
feeding can help keep engorgement under control.
750ml or 25 oz – average daily milk production per day for the first 6
months.