Stress

Linearization of
Pressure Vessels
(As per ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 2, )

Shantanu M Bhosale

21 November 2018
International Codes Followed by Pressure
vessels Industries
 ASME and EN-13445 codes are intensively used standards by pressure vessels industries

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 Types of codes : Design By Analysis

We will see overview of ASME (Design By Analysis) codes in this presentation 3

Gross structural discontinuity :
A geometrical structural or material discontinuity which affects the stress or strain distribution across the entire
wall thickness over a region of significant size.
Common examples are
nozzle to cylinder junction
shell to head junction

Local structural discontinuity :

A discontinuity which affects the stress or strain distribution quite locally across part of the wall thickness. The
main effect of a notch is to produce a non-linearity in the stress distribution. Common examples for local
stress discontinuity are welds. Normally the word local is a somewhat subjective term. The weld toe and any
undercutting are also considered as local discontinuities.

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Stress classification (As per ASME)

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stresses are separated in 3 classes that are associated with different types of failure:

Primary stress is associated with gross plastic deformation.

Secondary stress (plus primary stress) is associated with incremental plastic collapse.

Peak stress (plus primary, plus secondary) is associated with fatigue failure.

Each “type” of stresses is limited to different allowable values specified in terms of a design stress”

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Stress Linearization

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 Stress Linearization : introduction
When you apply a pressure on a solid and this solid becomes stressed.
We need to determine 3 classes of stresses from the stress components from FEA analysis.
So stress linearization is a way to convert the stress components into those primary, secondary, and peak stresses.

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Nominal stress
Generally, is referred to as the stress value obtained by applying standard strength of materials formulae.
Nominal stress is found at a distance outside the effects of local or gross structural discontinuities.

Structural stress
Is a linearly distributed stress across the section thickness. It includes both nominal stresses and the
effects of gross structural discontinuities. However it does not include the effects of local structural
discontinuities.

Membrane stress, σm
Is the component of the structural stress that is uniformly distributed and equal to the average value of stress
across the section thickness
Bending stress, σb
Is the component of the structural stress that varies linearly across the section thickness.

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Notch stress
Is the total stress located at the base of a notch. The notch stress combines the structural stress together
with the effects of a stress raiser. Examples of notch stresses are the stress at weld toes and at local
structural discontinuities.
The additional stress to the structural part that forms the notch stress is referred to as the non-linear part of the
stress distribution, σnlp

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SCL : Stress Classification Line
• Membrane and bending stresses are developed on cross sections through the thickness of a component.
• Stress Classification Line (SCL) : SCL are cut through the cross section of thickness of pressure vessel.

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 Procedure For Creating SCL
Stress linearization is the separation of stresses through a section into constant membrane and linear bending
stresses. To linearize stresses, the following procedure is used:
• You define a section through your model. You specify the endpoints of the section by selecting nodes in the
model, coordinates in space, or a saved path.
• Your EA software defines the stress line by interpolating between the two endpoints to obtain a user-specified
number of equal intervals along a straight line.
• You can save the stress line as a path; the saved path includes the endpoints and each interval point along the
stress line.
• The specified stress results are obtained at equally spaced intervals along the line in a local coordinate system
defined by the line.

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 Case Study :
Stress Linearization

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Load Cases:

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Von misses stress Plots

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SCL Locations

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 PL Local Membrane stresses
PL+Pb+Q Local Membrane + Bending stresses

SCL-3: At discontinuity, at tube sheet to shell junction, across shell thickness,

ALLOWABLE
STRESS
SCL No. DESCRIPTION CATEGORY STRESS LIMIT
(MPa)
(MPa)
PL 185.3 1.5S = 207
SCL-1 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 312.2 Sps = 414
PL 99.09 1.5S = 207
SCL-2 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 123.9 Sps = 414
PL 73.55 1.5S = 207
SCL-3 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 323.7 Sps = 414
PL 52.84 1.5S = 207
SCL-4 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 84.73 Sps = 414
PL 27.04 1.5S = 207
SCL-5 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 76.15 Sps = 414
PL 30.49 1.5S = 207
SCL-6 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 167.2 Sps = 414
At away from Pm 12.21 S = 138
SCL-7
discontinuity PL+Pb 40.30 1.5S = 207
At away from Pm 123.4 S = 138
SCL-8
discontinuity PL+Pb 124.9 1.5S = 207

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 Pm Membrane stresses
PL+Pb Membrane + Bending stresses

SCL-8: At away from discontinuity, across shell thickness.

ALLOWABLE
STRESS
SCL No. DESCRIPTION CATEGORY STRESS LIMIT
(MPa)
(MPa)
PL 185.3 1.5S = 207
SCL-1 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 312.2 Sps = 414
PL 99.09 1.5S = 207
SCL-2 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 123.9 Sps = 414
PL 73.55 1.5S = 207
SCL-3 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 323.7 Sps = 414
PL 52.84 1.5S = 207
SCL-4 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 84.73 Sps = 414
PL 27.04 1.5S = 207
SCL-5 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 76.15 Sps = 414
PL 30.49 1.5S = 207
SCL-6 At discontinuity
PL+Pb+Q 167.2 Sps = 414
At away from Pm 12.21 S = 138
SCL-7
discontinuity PL+Pb 40.30 1.5S = 207
At away from Pm 123.4 S = 138
SCL-8
discontinuity PL+Pb 124.9 1.5S = 207

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Acceptance criteria (As per ASME)
Stress intensity limits are defined by ASME standards for varies types of stresses type as follows :
S : Yield limit of material.

Type Of Stress Stress Configuration Allowable Limit (MPa)

Primary Membrane Pm S

Primary Membrane + Bending PL+Pb 1.5S

Primary Bending stress PL 1.5S

Secondary stress PL+Pb+Q 3S

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FEA modeling Accuracy

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Q+A

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