Design and Performance

Analysis for radio planning

network
 Supervisors
Assistant Prof. Sherif Elsayed
Kishk
Eng. Fahmy A. Khalifa

By /Eng
Ahmed Hamed

Department of Electronics and

Communication
Faculty of Engineering
Mansoura University
2008
Contents
Project Motivation.
 UMTS Architecture.
 UMTS Issues.
 System Model and Assumptions.
 Uplink Admission and Handoff
Procedure.
 Simulation Results.
 summary.
Project Motivation
Project Motivation
UMTS system is considered as one of
the most common 3G standards.

UMTS capacity is interference based ,

so its important to reach optimum
design to get best performance.
Project Motivation (cont’d)

Objective:
How to build the program to design
and simulate radio planning
system.
Performance Metrics:
The total system capacity.
Probability of ongoing calls being
dropped.
Probability of incoming calls being
blocked.
UMTS Architecture
UMTS Architecture
• System Features
 The UMTS operates in two modes FDD and
TDD.
UMTS Architecture
(cont’d)
• The UMTS architecture at the very
highest level:
– User Equipment (UE).
– UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN).
– Core network.
 UMTS Architecture
(cont’d)
UMTS Subscriber Identity
Module (USIM) .
Mobile Terminal (ME).
Node B.
Radio Network Controller
(RNC).
Mobile Switching Center
(MSC).
Home Location Register
(HLR).
Visitor Location Register
(VLR).

Equipment Identity
Register (EIR).
Authentication Center
(AUC).
GGSN (Gateway GPRS
Support Node).
SGSN (Serving GPRS
(General Packet Radio
User Equipment (UE)
UE consist of two parts:
 Mobile Terminal
(Handset) _max
output power of 2W.
 UMTS Subscriber
Identity Module (USIM)
is a smart card that
stores information about
the subscriber such as:
 MSISDN: Mobile Station
Integrated Service Data
Network.
 IMSI: International
Mobile Subscriber
Identity.
 TMSI: Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity.
 IMEI: International
Mobile Equipment
Identity.
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN)
Radio Network
Controller (RNC)

Serving and Drift RNCs

Core Network
Architecture
Interfaces
• A Interface
This interface exists between the MSC
and
the BSC and it is a pure GSM interface.
• Iu Interface
This interface connects the core network
and the UMTS Radio Access Network.
• Iub Interface
This interface is situated between the
RNC
Interfaces
cont.
• Iur Interface
The Iur interface connects two
radio
network controllers.
• Gb Interface
The Gb interface connects the
packet-switched core network
to the GSM network.
MAP Interfaces
Types of MAP Interfaces:
Gf : fraud interface.
 Gp : PLMN interface
Gn : node interface .
Gb : base interface.
Gi :Internet interface.
Gc : context interface.
UMTS Issues
Channels Types

Power Control

Handoff
 UMTS Channels

Physical Channels

Dedicatedtransport
Channels Channels
Common Channels
 Physical Channels:
 carrier frequency, code, relative phase

Main 3G Requirements on Physical Layer:

High bit rates up to 2 Mbps
Bandwidth-On-Demand = Flexible
variable bit rate
High spectral efficiency, especially in
downlink
Tasks of physical layer:
Error protection and detection.
Control soft handover and power control.
Mapping transport ch to physical ch.
 Uplink Physical Channels

Dedicated uplink physical channels Common Uplink physical channels

Downlink physical channel

Dedicated physical channels Common physical channels

Frame Structure for Uplink
DPDCH/DPCCH
PRACH – Physical Random-Access
Channel.
PRACH is used to carry RACH.

Access Slots
DPCH – Dedicated physical channels

Frame Structure for Downlink DPCH

CCPCH – Primary Common Control Physical Channel

Frame Structure for primary Common Control physical

Channel
PCH – secondary Common Control Physical Channel

Frame Structure for Secondary Common Control

physical Channel
This channel is used by mobile stations for
cell search.
There are two synchronization channels
_the primary and the secondary.
 The primary synchronization channel
transmits a modulated code, called the
primary synchronization code.
 Every cell in a UTRAN uses the same
primary synchronization code.
 The secondary SCH is constructed by
repeating a sequence of modulated codes
of 256 chips and is transmitted in parallel
with the primary SCH.
Transport Channel to physical Channel Mapping
 Transport channels:
They are defined on the basis of the types of
information they transfer and how it is
transferred on the radio interface.
Dedicated Transport Channels:-
DCH – Dedicated Channel DCH
– Full douplex channel.
– carry control information between the network
and mobile station .
– It controls (call setup, billing, handover, power,……)
• SDCCH – Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
– Full douplex channel.
– Used for service requests.
– Initiate call setup.
DTCH – Dedicated Traffic Channel
 Full douplex channel
 During call setup the network takes the SDCCH
and gives the DTCH to the subscriber to can
send speech or data.
 Common Transport Channels:-
• Broadcast Channel (BCH) :
D.L transport channel.
cell-specific parameters such as random access
codes, access slots in a cell, or diversity types
used.
carries UTRAN system.
Paging Channel (PCH):
D.L transport channel .
To inform the subscriber of an incoming
call.
Random Access Channel (RACH):
– U.L transport channel, available only in the
FDD mode.
– Used to request a channel for a connection.
• Forward Access Channel (FACH):
– D.L transport channel.
 Other Transport Channels:-
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
uplink transport channel .
carry packet data from a user.

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

downlink transport channel.
carries user data and control information.

Uplink Shared Channel (USCH)

only used in the TDD mode.
carry both control and user data.
Power Control in UMTS
Power control is very important
for UMTS :
• Minimize the interference in the system.
• All signal arrives at base station’s
receiver with the
same signal power.
• Solve Near-far problem.

Near-far effect in the up link direction

Power Control in UMTS

Types of power control:

A. Open loop power control
B. Closed loop power control

C. Inner loop power control

Handover
Is the process in which a cellular phone
is handed from one cell to
the next in order to maintain a radio
connection with the network.
Types of Handover:
• Hard Handover (GSM).
• Soft Handover (UMTS).
• Softer Handover (Sectors).
Admission Control (AC)

• Admission Control occurs when

new connection is set up as
well as handover.
• Ac needs to check that
admittance will not sacrifice the
planned coverage area or
existing connection.
Admission Control (AC)
Ac algorithm estimates the load that
the establishment of the bearer
would
cause in the network.
 Load Control (Congestion
Control)
• It’s important to ensure that system
is not
overloaded and remains stable.
• The possible load control actions in
order to
reduce load
• DL fast load control (deny DL power
up command).
• UL fast load control (reduce the
Eb/No target).
• Handover to another WCDMA carrier.
Load Control (Congestion
Control)
 HSPA

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access.

• High Speed Uplink Packet Access.
• HSOPA.
 Technological approach
Reasons to deploy
HSDPA:
• Saturated voice
communication
market
• Growing demand and
user expectation for
the data services like
broadband internet
access, streaming,
gaming, etc.
• Competing High
Speed wireless
technologies:
- WLAN
- WiMAX
Shorter time transmission interval
(TTI)
• HSDPA introduces short TTI
concept, where TTI=2ms.
• Advantages:
-Less probability of an error due to
the change of the channel
conditions .
-More efficient when packet
retransmission is necessary.
-Decreased buffer size.
• ARQ mechanism is placed in
RNC(Rel’99):
-Disadvantage: latency time up
to 100 ms!
-Solution: move it to node B.
-Profit: latency below 10 ms
• Scheduling is controlled by
RNC(Rel’99):
-Disadvantage: important
channel measurement
information can be delayed.
-Solution: move scheduling close
to the air interface.
-Profit: rescheduling is made
within a short time.
 Adaptive Modulation and
Coding (AMC)
• Main principle –to
dynamically modify
Signal modulation and
Coding scheme to
compensate the
variations in cannel
conditions.
• Benefits:
-Increased average
cell throughput
-Reduced interference
variation
-Higher data rates for
users in favourable
positions.
 HARQ

H-ARQ-type-II H-ARQ-type-III
Channel
Categor Max. no Modulation Max. data
y of rate
codes [Mbit/s]
1 5 QPSK & 16- 1.2
2 5 QAM
QPSK & 16- 1.2
3 5 QAM
QPSK &16-QAM 1.8
4 5 QPSK &16-QAM 1.8
5 5 QPSK &16-QAM 3.6
6 5 QPSK &16-QAM 3.6
7 10 QPSK &16-QAM 7.3
8 10 QPSK &16-QAM 7.3
9 15 QPSK &16-QAM 10.2
10 15 QPSK &16-QAM 14.4
11 5 QPSK only 0.9
12 5 QPSK only 1.8
 HSUPA
• To enhance the
uplink performance.
• The key difference
between uplink and
downlink is the
handling of the total
transmission power
resource.
• The power control
cannot be abandoned
in the case of
continuous uplink
transmission due to
the near–far problem.
 HSOPA
• OFDM divides the signal into several
narrow-band sub-carriers which are
designed to be narrower than the
coherence bandwidth of the wireless
propagation channel.
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) antenna.
• Flexible bandwidth usage with 1.25 MHz to
20 MHz bandwidths. By comparison, W-
CDMA uses fixed size 5 MHz chunks of
spectrum.
• HSOPA will use OFDMA for the down-link and
Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the up-
link, WiMAX/802.16e-2005 uses OFDMA for
both the up and down links.
• For WiMax, HSDPA serves as a form of
competition that's not as fast. WiMax
promises speeds of up to 70Mbps, but much
more mobile.
• HSDPA will allow to increase downlink
throughput and, in turn, offer advanced
quality of service (QoS) capabilities and
speeds that rival those delivered by cable
modem and DSL service providers.
Simulation
system considerations
The program is initiated by a
number of users
Random uniform velocity
distribution Vt ,
 Uniform random directions
0→2π,
 Uniform random locations
(X,Y),
Uniform random call duration Ct
Number of the serving base
station and the corresponding
path gain Pg
System model

Cell membership
Path Gain Criterion.
Users select the base station
to which it has the largest
path gain
Cell Load Criterion
Users select the base station
with the smallest number of
users.
System model
Each cell supplies coverage and
service to a specific number of
users.
Users (MS) are uniformly
distributed within the unit areas.
Only the uplink is considered.
The system performance is
determined by a constraint on
the Signal-to-Interference Ratio
(SIR) at all BSs.
A threshold value of SIR for all
users in the system is required
to maintain the acceptable QoS.
System model
 Each user in the environment is
processed by only one BS.

 Cell membership is determined

according to the path gain.

 The system employ perfect uplink

power control
(That is mean the received signal
power from all users in the system
is the same
Uplink Performance

Propagation Model
Simplified Propagation
Model
n

Pr = Pt ⋅ k 
do 

d 
 λ 
k ( dB ) = 20 log10  
 4πd 0 
Uplink Performance

The uplink SIR

S r ⋅ PG
SIR =
N P + I incell + I outcell
Where Sr is the received signal
power.
PG is the system processing
gain. chip rate W
=
Np isPGBackground =Noise power
data rate Rb
Iincell is the in-cell interference
Ioutcell is the out-of-cell
interference
Uplink admission and
handoff
Users select base station
according to a predefined path
gain criteria
New call requests as well as the
handoff requests are queued
(one second length queue)
A new user will be admitted as
long as its SIR is above the
systems’ SIRmin and those of all
users are also above the
minimum threshold
Handoff requests are prioritized
than new call requests
[Flowchart]
Simulation result
System capacity
Blocking of new user