Presented by:

Chandan sahu
Karan Gehlout
Tannu dalal
Pranjal dhiman
Nidhi arora
Crystal System: Different Shapes in which a solid crystal exists.
Bravais lattice: Different combinations of lattice on the basis of arrangement of
atoms in a crystal system.
 Defects

Point defect Line defect

Ionic Crystal

Non Ionic crystal

Non-ionic

Vacancy
Interstitial
 Frenkel
defect
Stochiometric
defect
Schottky
defect
Ionic Crystal

Metal excess
due to anionic
vacancy
Metal Excess
Metal excess
Non-stochiometric due to presence
defect of extra cation
Metal defecient
Metal defecient due to loss of
cation

Impurity defect
 The defect in which the total positive charge remains equals to negetive charge
Frenkel Defect Schottky Defect

One or more ion gets dislocated to

Equal no. of cation & anion leaves
interstitial site.
the lattice site.
Also called as dislocation defect
Condition: (1)lSimilar size of cation
Condition: (1)large cation & anion
& anion
size difference.
(2)High coordination no.
(2)low coordination no.
Examples: AgBr,AgI,AgCl
Examples: NaCl, AgBr, ZnS
 Due to anionic vacancy
Metal Excess
F centre: electron trapped in an anionic vacancy.
Due to this compound exhibits color.
LiCl, KCl, NaCl

Due to extra cation

Due to this ZnO shows yellow color

 Due to the loss of cation

defecient
Metal

It is due to the variable oxidation state of

transition metals.
Impurity Defect

Foreign Particle gets into the crystal.

Strontium ion occupies the lattice site of sodium ions
• Diffusion is defined as a mechanism of transfer of matter
through matter.
• Solid State Diffusion (SSD) can be induced through thermal
agitation of atoms, thus increasing their vibration in their
equilibrium positions.
• There are two basic solid state diffusion mechanisms:
Vacancy (Substitutional diffusion)
Interstitial diffusion.
 The defect in which the total positive charge remains equals to negetive charge
Vacancy Diffusion Interstitial diffusion

 It occurs when atoms move from  This type of diffusion happens

one position to another if the when atoms move from one
energy barrier between the two interstitial site to another,
positions is recovered, which is without displacing any of the
termed "Activation Energy". atoms in the matrix crystal.
 Compensated by thermal
agitation
 Also called s Self diffusion
Crystal may possess several symmetry elements and these are:
• Axis of rotation,
• Axis of rotation-inversion,
• Plane of symmetry,
• Centre of inversion.