USD

U l ti m a t e S t r e s s D e s i g n
 This method is primarily based on “strength concept ”. The working
loads are increased by multiplied them with the load factor to give
the ultimate load . The load factor gives structure , a proper and
adequate safety against failure .

This method was accepted by IS CODE 1964 as an alternative to

working stress method.

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 The advantages of Ultimate load method

(i)        The method is more realistic as compared to working stress

method because ultimate load method taken into account the non-
linear behavior of the concrete.

(ii)       This method gives exact margin of safety in terms of load

unlike working stress method which is based on the permissible
stresses which do not give any idea about the failure/collapse load.

(iii)     The sections designed by ultimate load method are thinner and
require less reinforcement. Hence the method is economical as
compared to WSM.

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 Assumptions of Ultimate Stress Design Method :

1.) Stress in reinforcement varies linearly with strain up to the specified yield strength.
The stress remains constant beyond this point as strains continue increasing. This
implies that the strain hardening of steel is ignored.

2.)Concrete sections are considered to have reached their flexural capacities when
they develop 0.003 strain in the extreme compression fiber.

3.)Strains in reinforcement and concrete are directly proportional to the distance

from neutral axis. This implies that the variation of strains across the section is linear,
and unknown values can be computed from the known values of strain through a
linear relationship.

4.) Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.

5.) Compressive stress distribution of concrete can be represented by the

corresponding stress-strain relationship of concrete.
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 Limitations of Ultimate Strength Design Method :

Collapse of FLEXURE,COMPRESSION,SHEAR,TORSION

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 EXAMPLES

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 WSD
WORKING STRESS DESIGN

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 WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN IS BASED
O N T H E L I N E A R T H E O R Y ( E L A S T I C T H E O R Y ) .T H E
S T R E S S E S I N T H E M AT E R I A L S , W H I C H A R E
DEVELOPED DUE TO WORKING LOADS ARE
RESTRICTED GIVING A SAFE DESIGN.
THE ASSUMPTIONS IN WORKING STRESS
METHOD OF DESIGN ARE
T H E ST E E L A N D CO N C R E T E B E H AV ES A S L I N EA R
E L A S T I C M AT E R I A L
T H E D E S I G N I S C A R R I E D O U T BY T H E FA C TO R O F
SAFETY OF “3” FOR CONCRETE CUBE STRENGTH
A N D A FA C TO R O F S A F E T Y “ 1 . 8 ” F O R Y I E L D
STRENGTH OF STEEL
THE STRESSES IN STEEL AND CONCRETE ARE
R E L AT E D B Y A FA C T O R K N O W N A S “ M O D U L A R
R AT I O ”

M=280/3SIGMA CBC
S I G M A C B C = A L LOWA B L E ST R ES S I N CO N C R E T E
AS PER IS- 456-2000
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ASSUMPTIONS OF WORKING STRESS DESIGN
METHOD
1.)PLANE SECTION BEFORE BENDING WILL REMAIN
PLANE AFTER BENDING

2.)BOND BETWEEN STEEL AND CONCRETE IS

PERFECT WITH IN ELASTIC LIMIT OF STEEL

3 . ) T H E ST E E L A N D CO N C R E T E B E H AV ES A S L I N EA R
E L A S T I C M AT E R I A L

4 . ) A L L T E N S I L E S T R E S S E S A R E TA K E N B Y
REINFORCEMENT AND NONE BY CONCRETE

5.)THE STRESSES IN STEEL AND CONCRETE ARE

R E L AT E D B Y A FA C T O R K N O W N A S “ M O D U L A R
R AT I O

6 . ) T H E S T R E S S - S T R A I N R E L AT I O N S H I P O F
STEEL AND CONCRETE IS A STRAIGHT LINE UNDER
WORKING LOAD
L I M I TAT I O N S O F W O R K I N G S T R E S S M E T H O D :

1.) TH E A SSU MPT IO N S O F LINEA R E LA ST IC B E HAV I OR

A N D C O N T R O L O F S T R E S S E S W I T H I N S P E C I A L LY D E F I N E D
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES ARE UNREALISTIC DUE TO
S E V E R A L R E A S O N S V I Z . , C R E E P, S H R I N K A G E A N D O T H E R
L O N G T E R M E F F E C T S , S T R E S S C O N C E N T R AT I O N A N D
OTHER SECONDARY EFFECTS

2 . ) D I F F E R E N T T Y P E S O F L O A D A C T I N G S I M U LTA N E O U S LY
H AV E D I F F E R E N T D E G R E E S O F U N C E R TA I N T I E S . T H I S
C A N N O T B E TA K E N I N T O A C C O U N T I N T H E W O R K I N G
STRESS METHOD

3 . ) T H E AC T UA L FAC TO R O F SA F E T Y I S N OT K N O W N I N
T H I S M E T H O D O F D E S I G N . T H E PA R T I A L S A F E T Y
FA C T O R S I N T H E L I M I T S TAT E M E T H O D I S M O R E
REALISTIC THAN THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSIBLE
ST R ESSES I N T H E WO R K IN G ST R ESS ME T H OD TO H AV E
FAC TO R O F SA F E T Y I N T H E D ES I G N .
 EXAMPLES

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 W O R K I N G S T R E SS D E S I G N V S . U LT I M AT E S T R E SS D E S I G N  

USD (Ultimate Stress Design) Method WSD (Working Stress Design) Method

Its primarily based on strength concept of It’s based on the linear theory or elastic
Concrete theory.

Its Consider to Design Critical Combination of

load Its Consider to Design carrying load

Its Designing to elastic behavior of materials. Modular Ratio used for member Design

Stability of Structure is more then WSD Stability of Structure is less then USD

Low Cost Design Method High Cost Design Method

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