Beruflich Dokumente
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Power Screws
Aiza A. Patadlas
Instructor
Thread Standards and Definitions
• The pitch is the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis.
• The minor (or root) diameter 𝒅𝒓 is the smallest diameter of a screw thread.
• The pitch diameter 𝒅𝒑 is a theoretical diameter between the major and minor diameters.
• The lead l, not shown, is the distance the nut moves parallel to the screw axis when the nut is given one turn.
Fig. 2 Basic profile for metric M and M J threads.
𝑑 = major diameter
𝑑𝑟 = minor diameter
𝑑𝑝 = pitch diameter
𝑝 = pitch
3
𝐻= 𝑝
2
The M profile replaces the inch class and is the basic ISO 68 profile with 60° symmetric threads.
The MJ profile has a rounded fillet at the root of the external thread and a larger minor diameter of both the internal and
external threads. This profile is especially useful where high fatigue strength is required.
Table 2 Diameters and Area of Unified Screw Threads
UNC and UNF*
Table 1 Diameters and Areas of Coarse-
Pitch and FinePitch Metric Threads.*
Fig. 3 (a) Square thread; (b) Acme thread.
Fig. 5 Force diagrams: (a) lifting the load; (b) lowering the load.
For raising the load, we have: For lowering the load, we have:
(a) (b)
Fig. 4 Portion of a power screw
Solve the result for P: 𝑑 For raising the load we can write
Note: 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑥 𝑚
For raising the load, this gives 2
(1)
(c)
and for lowering the load, Torque required to lower the load
(d) (2)
Divide these equations by cos 𝜆 With 𝑇𝐿 > 0 the screw is said to be self-locking.
Thus the condition for self-locking is
Use the relation tan 𝜆 = 𝑙/𝜋𝑑𝑚
(4)
(5)
(6)
Fig. 6 (a) Normal thread force is increased because of angle 𝛼;
(b) thrust collar has frictional diameter 𝑑𝑐 .
The maximum nominal shear stress 𝜏 in
torsion of the screw body can be
expressed as The axial stress 𝜎 in the body of the screw due to load 𝐹 is
(7) (8)
The bearing stress in Fig. 7, 𝜎𝐵 , is
(9)
so
(10)
(12)
(13)
During tightening, the first thread of the nut tends to take the entire load; but yielding occurs, with some strengthening
due to the cold work that takes place, and the load is eventually divided over about three nut threads. For this reason you
should never reuse nuts; in fact, it can be dangerous to do so.
Joints—Fastener Stiffness
(14)
for two springs in series. From Eq. (4–4), the spring rates of the threaded and unthreaded portions of the bolt in the clamped
zone are, respectively,
(15)
(16)
where 𝑘𝑏 is the estimated effective stiffness of the bolt or cap screw in the clamped zone.
Joints—Member Stiffness
There may be more than two members included in the grip of the fastener. All together these act like compressive springs in
series, and hence the total spring rate of the members is
(17)
(a)
With 𝛼 = 30°, this becomes
The area of the element is
(19)
(b)
we learn that 𝑘𝑚 = 𝑘/2. Using the grip as 𝑙 =
2𝑡 and 𝑑𝑤 as the diameter of the washer face, from
Eq. (18) we find the spring rate of the members to
Substituting this in Eq. (a) and integrating gives a be
total contraction of
(20)
(c)
(d)
The diameter of the washer face is about 50 percent greater than the fastener diameter for standard hexagon-head bolts
and cap screws. Thus we can simplify Eq. (20) by letting 𝑑𝑤 = 1.5𝑑. If we also use 𝛼 = 30°, then Eq. (20) can be written as
(21)
The results, which are depicted in Fig. 15, agree with the 𝛼 = 30° recommendation, coinciding exactly at the aspect ratio
𝑑/𝑙 = 0.4. Additionally, they offered an exponential curve-fit of the form
(22)
with constants A and B defined in Table 5. Equation (22) offers a simple calculation for member stiffness km. However, it is
very important to note that the entire joint must be made up of the same material.
Fig. 15 The dimensionless plot of stiffness versus aspect ratio of the members of a bolted joint, showing the relative
accuracy of methods of Rotscher, Mischke, and Motosh, compared to a finite-element analysis (FEA) conducted by
Wileman, Choudury, and Green.
Table 5 Stiffness Parameters of Various Member Materials† † Source: J. Wileman,
M. Choudury, and I. Green, “Computation of Member Stiffness in Bolted
Connections,” Trans. ASME, J. Mech. Design, vol. 113, December 1991, pp. 432–
437.