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0 .8936C
CD 2
ct hrw
Gringarten Type Curves
Based on solution to radial diffusivity equation
Vertical well, constant production rate
Infinite-acting, homogenous-acting
w n reservoir
o
d le liquid
ra w
Single-phase, slightly compressible
b
flowing r d u s a
d o
f lls, ls
p
Infinitesimal
o e e
skin factor
w e l
(thin ‘membrane’) at
e l i l s w
e v on o , ga
production face
D ts u p
s
Constant
te bui ld
wellbore-storage coefficient
for
Gringarten Type Curve
100
CD e 2s=1060
pD
Similarities of
CD e 2s=0.01
curves make
matching difficult
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Derivative Type Curve
Designed to eliminate ambiguity in
Gringarten type curve
‘Derivative’ of solution to radial diffusivity
equation on Gringarten type curve
Derivative is
p D p D
tD t D pD
ln t D t D
or
p p
t t p
ln t t
Pressure Derivative
Infinite-acting radial flow
70.6qB 1688 c r 2
p ln t w
2s
kh
kt
Derivatives: In dimensionless terms,
p p
t p D 0.5 ln t D 0.809 2 s
t ln t
Derivatives:
p 70.6qB p D p D p D
t tD tD 0 .5
t kh t D ln t D t D
Pressure Derivative
Complete wellbore storage distortion
100
Differences in curve CDe2s=1060
shapes make
matching easier
CDe2s=1010
tDp´D
CDe2s=100
CDe2s=0.01
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Pressure + Derivative Type Curves
100
Combining curves
gives each stem
value two distinctive
shapes
pD
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Progress Check
Explain what a type curve is and what it allows us to
do
Explain dimensionless variables and their
advantages
List assumptions underlying Gringarten and
derivative type curves
Define pressure derivative and state its value during
radial flow and WBS-dominated flow
Sketch and label Gringarten and derivative type
curves
Explain value of derivative type curve
Learning Objectives
You will be able to
Sketch and explain early- and middle-time
regions on pressure/derivative type curves
Sketch high, no, negative skin regions on
pressure/derivative type curves
Contrast and explain shapes of BU and DD
type curves
Define equivalent time and explain its value
in applications
Pressure/Derivative Type Curve
100
Horizontal
Derivative
pD
Unit
Slope
Line
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Pressure + Derivative Type Curve
100
High skin
pD No skin
Negative skin
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Drawdown vs. Buildup Type Curves
100
Buildup Response
Dimensionless pressure
10
0.1
5 6 7 8
tpD =10 tpD =10 tpD =10 tpD =10
0.01
1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09
Dimensionless shutin
Dimensionless shut-intime
time
Equivalent Time For PBU Tests
Drawdown
qB k
pi pwf 162.6
log 10 t p log 3.23 0.869 s
2
kh c r
t w
Buildup
qB k
pi pws 162.6
log 10 t p t log 3.23 0.869 s
2
kh c r
t w
qB k
162.6 log 10 t log 2
3.23 0.869 s
kh c r
t w
Equivalent Time for PBU Tests
Subtract drawdown and buildup
qB k
pws pwf 162.6
log 10 t p log 3.23 0.869 s
2
kh c r
t w
k
162.6
qB
log 10 t p t log 3.23 0.869 s
2
kh c r
t w
qB k
162.6 log 10 t log 3.23 0.869 s
2
kh c r
t w
Simplifying,
qB t p t k
pws pwf 162.6 log 10 log 3.23 0.869 s
kh t p t c r
2
t w
Equivalent Time For PBU Tests
Drawdown equation
qB k
pi pwf 162.6
log 10 t p log 3.23 0.869 s
2
kh c r
t w
Buildup equation
qB t p t k
pws pwf 162.6 log 10 log 3.23 0.869 s
kh t p t c r 2
t w
Drawdown
p pi pwf vs t
Buildup
p pws pwf vs t e
Properties of Equivalent Time
t p t
t e
t p t
tp
t t , t t p
t p t
t
tp t p , t t p
t p t
tp
HTR
Progress Check
Sketch and explain early- and middle-time
regions on pressure/derivative type curves
Sketch high, no, negative skin regions on
pressure/derivative type curves
Contrast and explain shapes of BU and DD
type curves
Define equivalent time and explain its value
in applications
Learning Objectives
You will be able to
Explain how to match field data to a type
curve
Explain how to estimate k, s from type-curve
match
Using Type Curves
100
1,000
pD
p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD
p
100
1,000
pD
p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD
p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD
p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
pD p
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Horizontal
100
1,000
Stop when data align
with horizontal
derivative
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
p
pD
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Move Field Data Toward Unit Slope
100
1,000
1
teq 1,000
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Interpret the Type Curve
Calculate CDe2s from
100 matching stem value
1,000
p/pD k C De 2s
s 0.5 ln curve
Extrapolate
p C
as necessary
pD D
1
teq 1,000
teq/tD CD
0.01 100,000
tD/CD
Calculate k From Pressure Match
141.2qB pD
k
h p M .P .
k
141.2 50 1.325 0.609 10
15 262
14.5 md
Calculate CD From Time Match
0.0002637 k t eq
CD
2
ct rw D D M.P .
t C
CD
0.000263714.5 0.0546
0.183 0.609 1.76 10 0.25 1
5 2
1703
Calculate s From CDe 2s
2s
1 C De
s ln
2 C D
9
1 7 10
s ln
2 1703
7.6
5 April 2007