Fluid Movement

TYPES, VISCOSITY, DRAG FORCE

 Fluid Movement

 When fluid is in motion, many factors affect its

movement. Some factors enhances the motion of
fluid while some hinder the movement.
 First of all we will study the types of fluid’s
movement;
 Fluid flow can be “Laminar” or it can be “Turbulent”.
 Think of an example of making lines in school
assembly. Every student has to be in line and has to
follow the student which is ahead. Such disciplined
movement resembles “laminar flow”
 In laminar flow, particles strictly follow their
respective lines, known as Streamlines.
 None of the particle tries to go in other line or in
short streamlines don’t cross each other.
 Velocity per unit time is kept constant. It can change
place to place but for one place it is constant with
respect to time.
 All fluids in slow speed exhibit laminar flow.
 In turbulent flow, streamlines cross each other and
particles don’t follow lines. It is like a crowd in which
people are moving randomly and showing
undisciplined behavior.
 The velocity of particles is not same in specific place.
 All fluids at high speed exhibit turbulent flow.
 Streamlines are in irregular pattern, in turbulent
flow while in laminar flow they can be curved,
straight or any other pattern.
 All the laws, related to fluid, are made by considering
some conditions, known as conditions of ideal fluid.
 E.g. fluid should be non-viscous (viscosity=0),
incompressible (density is constant) and laminar all
the times (steady flow).
 Viscosity

The resistance offered by fluid is known as viscosity.

When fluid is moving in a pipe its upper most and
lower most layers are close to the boundary of pipes
hence they will face more resistance and their speed
will become low. Due to this the speed of other layers
will also lower but the middle layer will always have
highest speed within the flow.
The coefficient of Viscosity is called “eta” 
Materials Viscosity at 30C (Nsm-2)
Air 0.019
Acetone 0.295
Methanol 0.510
Benzene 0.564
Water 0.801
Ethanol 1.000
Plasma 1.6
Glycerin 6.29
 Viscosity is inversely proportional to velocity of fluid
i.e. if fluid is more viscous then it will flow slowly.
 For this reason some liquids can flow smoothly and
with high speed e.g. water while some flow with low
speed e.g. honey.
 Viscosity depends on many factors:
 Temperature (More the temperature lower will be
the viscosity, for liquids. It is opposite for gases).
 Intermolecular forces (molecules which have strong
intermolecular forces have higher viscosity)
 Drag Force

 When some object is moved in a fluid, it faces

resistance and an opposite force is applied on it. This
is called drag force. It is directly proportional to
velocity of body i.e. if an object moves with high
speed it will face more Drag force.
 Streamline trend is mostly used while making cars
and other fast moving vehicles. This is for reducing
the effect of drag force as streamline shape will have
less surface area facing the resistance while non-
stream line will have large surface area facing the
resistance.
 Mathematically,

𝐹 = 6pi𝜂𝑟𝑣
Where r is radius of object and v is speed of fluid.
This shows that Drag force depends on size of object
and speed. The bigger the object is more it will face the
opposing force.
 Streamline shape faces less resistance
 Fish have streamline shape for smooth swimming in
water.
 You can also skid on snowy hill by bending and
lowering your head so that you can gain speed.
 Assessment

 If you dive in a pond which position will be best in

order to go more deep in the pond?
 Does ideal fluid really exist?
 Why fluid becomes turbulent at high speeds?
 The viscosity of gases increases with increase in
temperature. Why?
 Cont.

 When we take out our hand from window, in slow

moving car, we feel less air pressure but when car
starts to move with high speed we feel more air.
Why?
 Methanol evaporates fast as compared to water.
Which one of them offers low viscosity?
 Evaporation occurs all the time but it is more
prominent in boiled water as compared to cold
water. Justify using the concept of viscosity.
 Honey takes time while getting dissolved in cold
water but it readily dissolves in warm water. Why?
 Assessment (2)

 You are given two spherical balls. One with radius

22mm and other with radius 15cm. Both will move
through a liquid having coefficient of viscosity
2 103 Nsm2 . Which ball will face more resistance?
(5)
 Does geometrical shape affect Drag force? Explain
with examples. (5)
 Order the following fluids with respect to their
viscosity;
Honey, water, sugary water, Glycerin, Plasma. (2)
 Draw a laminar flow for following pipe: (3)
 Justify; (3)
“Viscosity is the measure of force required to slide on
layer over another layer”
 Convert the unit of viscosity into basic units. (2)