Digital Image Processing

数字图像处理
 Class Information
• Time： Monday 14:00 – 16:00 (w2-w15)
Friday 10:30 – 12:30 (odd week, w7-w17)
• Location: 信息 B106 / 建筑B517
• Instructor: 李宏 生科楼 B519 lihong@bmie.neu.edu.cn
康雁 生科楼 B520 kangyan@bmie.neu.edu.cn
孙航（matlab programming）B519 sunhang@bmie.neu.edu.cn
• Books: Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image
Processing, Third Edition
• Grading： 10% （ Class performance）

40% （matlab programming）

50% final test
 Introduction
• The goal of this course is to acquire knowledge about
basic image analysis techniques that are used in
(bio)medical environments. This course should help
acquire the knowledge necessary to understand the
techniques that are used in clinical environments

• The goal of the practice sessions is: Practice what we

learn in the Lecture. Improve your programming skills
in general and in Matlab
 Introduction
• What is Digital Image Processing?
"The field of Digital Image Processing refers to processing
digital images by means of a digital computer“
• Include:
Image display and printing
Image editing and manipulation
Image enhancement
Feature detection
Image compressing
…………
 Introduction
Image Formation and Representation
 Introduction
• What is an Image?
An image may be defined as: I= f (x,y)
Where:
f - A 2D function
x, y - Spatial coordinates
I - Amplitude, Intensity, gray level
If f , x, y and I are finite, discrete quantities
then it is a Digital Image
• Each location is called a:
- Pixture Element
- Image Element The 2D array of x and y called image matrix
- Pixel (Most common)
 Application

Video Game Film Visual Reality

Bioengineering Biomedical Engineering

 Introduction
• Who looks at Images?
- Radiologist
- Lung-specialist, etc

But also:
- Police
- Photographer
- ……
 Introduction
• Images and Medicine
 Introduction
• Images and Medicine
 Introduction
• Images and Medicine
 Introduction
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Images
 Introduction
Medical Image
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
(1845-1923) discovers X-
rays on 8 November 1895

Röntgen receives the first Nobel prize in Physics on 10 December 1901

 Introduction
Medical Image Acquisition
• X-ray
 Introduction
Computed Tomography （CT）

The Nobel Prize in Physiology

or Medicine 1979

for the development of

computer assisted
tomography
Allan MacLeod Cormack Godfrey Hounsfield
 Introduction
• The CT Scanner

• First Computed Tomography-Scanner (CT): Sir Godfrey

Hounsfield (1970s)
 Introduction

• CT （Computer Tomography）
 Introduction
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine 1979

for their discoveries concerning

magnetic resonance imaging

Paul Christian Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield

 Introduction

• MRI （Magnetic Resonance Imaging）

 Introduction
Medical Image Acquisition
• US （Ultrasound）
 Introduction
Medical Image Acquisition

• PET （Positron Emission Tomography）

• OCT （Optical CT）

• Endoscope
 Introduction
Human Eye
• We often see the human eye as a camera
 Introduction
Human Eye
• Two types of Receptors
----Rods : Perceive only dark/light contrasts
----Cones : Perceive Color
 Introduction
Human Eye
• Cones are only in the Fovea,
Rods are around it
₋ Fovea is around 1.5 mm in
diameter
₋ Density of Cones in fovea is
around 150000 per mm2
₋ Fovea has around 337000 "pixels"
(Around 580 x 580)
₋ Compare: A camera will need
around 5 by 5 milimeter for this
 Introduction
Optic Nerves System
 Introduction
• Why would we want to do Image Processing?
₋ Can we improve the image quality?
₋ Can we extract essential information?
₋ Can we assist in a diagnose?
₋ Can we obtain quantitative measures?
₋ Can we make analysis of these measures?
₋ Can we show the data in an insightful way?
 Introduction
Example：Noise Removal
 Introduction
Example：Contrast Adjustment

Low Contrast original Contrast High Contrast

 Introduction
Example：Edge Detection
 Introduction
Example：Region Detection
 Introduction
Image Enhancement
• Finding of weak contours:
 Introduction
Image Enhancement
• Collagen fibers in the heart
 Introduction
Quantitative Measurements
• Example: organ volumes, areas, or volumes of
pathologies, flow, pressure, diameter of stenosis, etc.
• Comparison between patients
• Comparison between same patient in time
• Under different stimulus (response to therapy)
 Introduction
Quantitative Measurements
 Introduction
Quantitative Measurements
• Ejection Fraction (EF)
• End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
• End-Systolic Volume (ESV)
• EF=(EDV-ESV)/EDV * 100 %
• Normal EF>60%
• EF clinical index to evaluate the
contractility status of the heart
 Introduction
• Why the computer?
 Introduction
Computer VS Human
 Introduction
Human Eye
 Introduction
• The Human Eye sees more than is actually there
 Introduction
• The Human Eye sees more than is actually there
 Introduction
• The Human Eye sees more than is actually there

Why??? - A human adds knowledge to what they see.

Seeing is more than just recording something
A human eye is more than a camera!
 Introduction
Different fields

• Image Processing - Both Input

and output are images
• Image Analysis - Input is image,
output are labels
• Computer Vision - Try to mimic
the human perception
 Introduction
Medical Imaging Processing
• Low-Level: Input and Image Acquisition
output are images
• Mid-Level: Extraction of Image Preprocessing
attributes Image Segmentation
• High-Level: Make sense of
the attributes Image Classification
 Introduction
Mathematical Notations
• Number sets
In mathematics, we can distinguish different types of numbers:
- N={1,2,3,...}: The set of natural numbers
- (N0={0,1,2,3,...})
- Z={...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...}: The set of integer numbers.
- Q={p/q|p,q∈Z,q!=0}: The set of rational numbers
- R: The set of real numbers
- C={a+bi|a,b∈R}: The set of complex numbers
 Introduction
Mathematical Notations
• Standard mathematical notation for mappings (operator,
function, etc)
A:V⟶W:v↦w=A(v)
Here is:
- A is the name of the mapping.
- V is the input domain of the mapping
- v∈V is the input element
- W is the output domain of the mapping
- w=A(v)∈W is the output element, image of the mapping of v
under A
 Introduction
Mathematical Notations
• What is an Image?
Image is a 2D rectilinear array of pixels (PICture ELements).
Consider:

After Sampling:
 Introduction
Mathematical Notations
• Digital Vs Continuous Image
f(11.5, 11.5)=f[5,5]
- Where Δx Is the distance in mm between samples in
x direction, and Δy Is the distance in mm between
samples in y direction
- Spatial resolution defines the smallest spatial
change that we will be able to distinguish, in spatial
units! Measures for that are dots per unit distance
dpi, e.g., (dots per inch).
- Pixel resolution is the number of pixels
 Introduction
Spatial resolution
 Introduction
Resolution
• The size of each pixel

• Unit: ppi (pixel per inch) >300ppi

mm/pixel
 Introduction
Anisotropic VS Isotropic

• ∆X = ∆Y (isotropic) ∆X != ∆Y (anisotropic)
 Introduction
Sampling and Quantization
• Sampling is digitizing the coordinate values of
our function, e.g., f(x,y).
• Quantization is digitizing the amplitude values.
• In practice the sampling and quantization
depend on the sensor arrangement that does
the measurements.
 Introduction
Sampling and Quantization
• More on Quantization
- Number of Quantization - levels mostly involve powers of two:

The first eight powers of two:

- Monochrome (gray-level) Image
These quantization levels can have any meaning. Often is
interpreted as integer values in the range [0,L-1]
k is often called the bitdepth or Quantization depth
 Introduction
Image Formation and Representation
• The number of bits Needed to store an image (uncompressed)
it is given by:
b=M*N*k
When M=N, this equation becomes:
b=N2*k
- For an Image with size 32 * 32 and bitdepth 1 or 2 separate
levels, how many bits are needed? Then how many bytes?

1024 bits are needed, which is 128 bytes.

 Introduction
Contrast
Contrast----The difference in intensity between the
highest and the lowest level in an image

Intensity resolution: smallest distinguishable change

in intensity level.

Whether you can distinguish all levels or not depends

on human perception.
 Introduction
Contrast

Low intensity resolution High intensity resolution

 Introduction
Dynamic Range
• Dynamic range----lowest and highest intensity level
that a camera can capture
 Introduction
Window Level and Window Width
• Window Level：the image value of
the midpoint of the window width,
which is the gray scale of the image.
• Window Width：the range of image
values included in the gray scale
video display of the image