14 Satellite Motion

ADJUSTMENT COMPUTATIONS

Chapter 1. Introduction

Nguyen Dinh Huy

2018/08/31
14 Satellite Motion
Contents

1. Introduction

2. Direct and Indirect Measurements

3. Measurement Error Sources

4. Definitions

5. Precision Versus Accuracy

6. Redundant Measurements

7. Advantages of Least Squares Adjustment

8. Conclusions
14 Satellite Motion Introduction

1. No measurement is exact.

2. The true value of a measurement is never known.

Therefore, the errors in measurements should:

 Statistical analyses to

 assess the magnitudes of their errors

 determine whether or not they are within acceptable tolerances.

 Adjusting errors so that they conform to exact geometric conditions or

other required constraints.

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14 Satellite Motion Direct and Indirect Measurements

 Measurements are defined as observations made to determine unknown parameters.

Measurements

Direct Indirect

function

 Error in the indirectly measurements are functions of the original errors.

Distribution
Direct measurements Any value computed from
contain errors Error propagation them will also contain errors

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14 Satellite Motion Measurement Error Sources

 Errors (ε) are the difference between a measured value (y) and its true value (µ).

𝛆=𝐲−𝛍

Note: Errors are never known.

 The sources of errors:

 Instrumental errors are caused by imperfections in instrument

construction or adjustment.

 Natural errors are caused by changing conditions in the environment

(including variations n atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind,…)

 Personal errors arise due to limitations in human senses, such as the

ability to read a micrometer or to center a level bubble.

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14 Satellite Motion Definitions

 Errors are classified as either systematic or random.

 Blunders (outliers), called mistakes, are not errors and must be removed from set of data.
 Blunders (outliers) are cased by confusion or by an observation’s carelessness. It often leads to
large discrepancies.
 Forgetting to set the proper ppm correction on an EDM instrument

 Mistake in reading graduated scales or in recording values

 Systematic errors (biases) are due to the surveying equipment, observation methods, and certain
environmental factors. These errors follow some physical law and corrections by formula.
 Earth curvature and refraction on measurements

 Temperature not being standard while taping

 Random errors (noise) are often caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor. They do not
follow any physical law, not predict and must be dealt with flowing to the mathematical laws of
probability.
 Imperfect centering over a point during distance measurement with EDM

 Bubble not centered at the instant a level rod is read, etc.

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14 Satellite Motion Precision versus Accuracy

 Precision is how close a group measurement is to each other. It is description of

random errors.

 Accuracy is how close a measurement are in relation to a true value. It is

description of systematic errors.

Note:
 Both precision and accuracy are calculated from standard deviation. However, if
systematic errors are eliminated, the precision represents for accuracy of
measurements.
 The accuracy cannot be obtained of 100%, so it is in range called uncertainty.

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14 Satellite Motion Redundant Measurements

 Redundant measurements are observations that are in excess of the minimum

number that are needed to determine the unknowns.

r=𝐦−𝐧

where: r is the number of redundant, m is the number of observations, and n is the

number of unknown parameters.

 Redundant measurements are very important in the surveying:

 assess errors to make decisions regarding acceptance or rejection of

observations (easy in detect blunders).

 final values with higher precisions are determined for the unknowns.

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14 Satellite Motion Advantages of Least Squares Adjustment

1. The most rigorous of adjustments

 based on the theory of mathematical probability

 the set of errors is computed with highest probability of occurrence

2. Can be applied with greater ease than other adjustments

 easy to use mathematical model

 apply for any types of surveys

3. Enables rigorous post-adjustment analyses to be made

 statistical testing can be conducted to analyze the results

 precisions for the adjusted quantities can be expressed for clear and lucid depiction

4. Can be used to perform presurvey planning

 run in a trial and error procedure

 optimum or satisfactory results
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