BNM30203

METROLOGY AND
MEASUREMENT
CASTER WHEEL
INTRODUCTION – CASTER WHEEL
 Defined as a wheeled device that commonly installed to a
bigger or larger object
 Enables the movement of the object to be easily and smoothly
 TYPES:
 Swivel caster
 Rigid caster
 APPLICATION:
 Household
 Heavy industrial
 Industrial and automotive
OBJECTIVE

 To apply theory in to measurement task

 To identify suitable instrument for each task
 To redraw the component of the caster wheel
THEORY – INSTRUMENT
PROCEDURE – INSTRUMENT
RESULT – CASTER WHEEL
Part Measurement Person in Measurement Person in
Part
Numbe Part Drawing Tool & Charge Part Drawing Tool & Charge
Number
r Instrument (PIC) Instrument (PIC)

(3) • Vernier
1. Eelya
Bush calliper
2. Zikry

Vernier calliper
(1) 1. Ayyub
Projector
2. Lai
Frame Surface
3. Zikry • Contracer
Roughness (4) • Vernier 1. Zikry
Plate calliper 2. Ayyub
• Micrometer

• Vernier
(5) 1. Asyraf
calliper
2. Fadhil
Bolt • Micrometer

(2) 1. Fadhil
Vernier calliper
Wheel 2. Asyraf
(6) • Tool Maker 1. Lai
Nut Microscope 2. Eelya
RESULT – CASTER WHEEL
DISCUSSION
 There are several problems occurred in the measurement task.
 Mostly are caused by systematic errors and some unavoidable
random errors.
 Vernier calliper
 Parallax effect
 Measurements variation
 Profile projector
 Reading error
 Big size specimen unable to be measure
 Contracer and the surface roughness tester
 Specimen misalignment
 Lack of knowledge in handling
 tool maker microscope
 Specimen misalignment
 DISCUSSION
Frame "D" Results Frame "F" Results
2.15 100.54
THICKNESS, MM

LENGTH, MM
2.1 100.52
2.05
100.5
2
1.95 100.48
1.9 100.46
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CAVITY CAVITY

Measurement Basic Size Mean Measurement Basic Size Mean

Nut "C" Results Nut "A" Results

8 12.88
DIAMETER, MM

LENGTH, MM
6 12.86
4 12.84
2 12.82
0 12.8
1 2 3 1 2 3
CAVITY CAVITY

Measurement Basic Size Mean Measurement Basic Size Mean

DISCUSSION

 Vernier calliper is more suitable to use in measure

larger specimen
 Tool maker microscope is very accurate and high
precision in measured smaller specimen BUT too
many restrictions in able to use it
CONCLUSION

√ Objectives achieved
√ Able to use all instrument
√ Good team work
√ Metrology is important in daily lives
THE END – THANK YOU

QUESTION??
THEORY – VERNIER CALLIPER

3. Outer Measuring Jaws

The outer measurement jaws help to require the
outer dimension of an object
4. Inner Measuring Jaws
The inner measurement jaws help to require the
inner dimension of an object.
5. Retainer
1. Main scale The retainer helps to retain the object within the
The main scale consists of a steel metallic strip jaws of the Vernier callipers.
graduated in centimetres at one edge and in inches at 6. Depth Measuring Prong
the other edge.
The depth measurement prong helps to measure
2. Vernier Scale the depth of an object.
A Vernier scale slides on the strip. It could be fixed in
any position by the retainer. On the Vernier scale, 0.9
cm is divided into ten equal parts.
THEORY – CONTRACER

 Often used to measure the contour

 Trace surface shape of the specimen
 Suitable for measuring small specimen, with complex
contour surface.
 Analysis through FORMTRACEPAK
THEORY – PROFILE PROJECTOR

 Conducts measurements and observation

 Projecting the image of the specimen on the stage
onto the viewing screen
 Suitable for smaller or un-measureable specimen
with general purpose contacts instruments
 As well as easily deformed plastics part also
considered suitable
THEORY – SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTER

 This device is used to measure the level of roughness

 This device is applicable for small specimen
 As well as to measure the specific parts of the
specimen
 The printer can prints out the data
THEORY – TOOL MAKER MICROSCOPE

 A versatile instrument that measures by optical

means with no pressure being involved
 helpful in for performing measurements of small and
delicate components
 Centre to centre distance of holes
 different wide variety of linear measurements and
correct angular measurements
PROCEDURE – VERNIER CALLIPER
Safety Precaution
 Always move in the metallic strip avoid broken
 While gripping the object, don’t give any face
on the jaws.
 Make sure the Vernier calliper does not zero
error.
1. The calliper’s jaw is slightly opened.
 Don’t put hand at the sharp section of the
2. The upper step of the specimen is placed at the Vernier calliper.
sliding jaws.
 Handling with care during taking the
3. The head of the calliper is make sure
perpendicular to the edge of upper step. measurement.
4. Used the thumb screw until the fix upper jaws
contacted. Tool Handling
5. The jaws are tightened and turned lock the
screw.  Whipped should be carried after using.
6. The reading value is taken.  Keep the Vernier calliper in their own case after
use.
7. Results are recorded in related table.
 Always remove the dust, moisture or dirt from
their case.
 Keep protecting and put oil for a long term
usage.
 Move in the metallic strip after use and put oil.
PROCEDURE - CONTRACER
Safety Precaution
1. The contracer and desktop PC is switched
 Use
the suitable procedure to handle the
ON. machine to avoid injury to the person
2. Specimen is installed and aligned on the and to the machine as well as the tools a
specimen.
vice clamp.
 Use
the suitable PPE during handling the
3. The stylus arm x-axis is aligned to zero using experiment.
jog shuttle adjustment.
 Always following the safety rules in the
4. Stylus down button is pressed. The stylus is lab.
touched on the specimen surface.
5. The stylus z-axis is aligned to zero (green Tool Handling
indicator) using the handle.
 Usethe correct procedure at handling
6. The parameter is set in the formtracepak the machine.
software in the PC.  Carefullyinstall the specimen, do not
7. Start button is pressed to start touching the alignment.
measurement.  Do not put force on the stylus arm or any
part of the machine so that the
8. The results are showed in the PC. calibration and sensitivity is keep.
9. Analysis are done and printed.  Alwaysturn the machine off after use to
avoid over using the energy.
10. Results are recorded in related table.
PROCEDURE – PROFILE PROJECTOR
Step to determine the diameter of the holes Safety Precaution
1. The profile projector and the light sources is switched ON.
 Do not be exposed to hazardous conditions,
2. The specimen is placed on the glass of the table. vibrations, shocks, condensation, excess
3. The wheel is moved and focused properly to obtain the
humidity, corrosive and inflammable
correct magnified of the specimen. surroundings or sudden temperature
variations.
4. Horizontal (x-axis) measurement was taken by right hand side
of micrometre.  Ifyou fail to take any of these precautions,
you might damage your projector or cause
5. Vertical (y-axis) measurement was taken from side micrometre.
serious injury by fire or shock hazard.
6. Angle x and y coordinate was set to zero on digital measuring
system.  Handle profile projector machine with
special care in order to ensure the reliability
7. The image was arranged of the hole tangential to the vertical of the measurement results delivered by this
cross line. high-precision measuring equipment.
8. The arrangement is to determine the diameter of the hole.
9. Results are recorded in related table.
Tool Handling
 Do not damage, alter, stretch, bend or stress
Step to determine the angle of the bevelled edge
the power cord.
1. Step 1 to 6 is repeated.
 Do not place heavy items on it
2. One side of the bevel edge image is aligned coincide one of
the lines of cross lines.  Should be installed on a clean, stable
surface area.
3. The screen was rotated in such a way the same coincides with
other side of bevel image.  Be sure machine has been disconnected
4. Results are recorded in related table. from the power source after use.
PROCEDURE – SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTER
Safety Precaution
 Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, will in serious injury.
 This machine has a sharp stylus at the edge of the
1. The surface roughness tester is switched detector. Take care not to be injured.
ON.  Do not drop or give impact to the detector.
2. Needle of the tester is placed on the  Do not use the instrument in an environment where
specimen surface. subject to the dust or vibration.
Before measurement, wipe off oil or dust on the
3. The needle is turned down until touches 
specimen surface to be measured.
the specimen.
4. The button START is pressed to start the Tool Handling
measurement.
 Protect the tester or machine from collision, violent
5. Print button is pressed to obtain the shock, heavy dust, oil stains and strong magnetic
result after the waving is completely field.
end.  The sensor is the precision part of the tester and
particular care should be taken it.
6. Results are recorded in related table.  After each use put on the protective sheath gently
so as to avoid violent shock to the sensor.
 Standard sample plate provided with the tester
should be give special protection to avoid stretch
that may make the calibration inaccurate.
PROCEDURE – TOOL MAKER MICROSCOPE
1. The least count of the micrometre is noted.
2. Dimensions of the specimen whose
elements have to be measured are noted.
3. Specimen is placed and fixed on XY stage
of the tool maker microscope.
4. A measuring point is aligned on the
specimen with one of the cross hairs.
5. The reading is taken from the micrometre
head.
6. The XY stage is moved by turning the
micrometre head and aligned to another
measuring point with the same cross hair
and take the reading at this point.
7. Results are recorded in related table.
Safety Precaution
 Indicates that the operator should exercise care to
avoid danger of fire, explosion, or personal injury.
 Indicates that operating the instrument in this
manner may damage it or may cause it to
malfunction.
 Do not operate the Measuring Microscope in the
presence of explosive gas.
 Do not be exposed to hazardous conditions,
vibrations, shocks, condensation, excess humidity,
corrosive and inflammable surroundings or sudden
temperature variations.
Tool Handling
 Put the supplied dust cover on it if it is not going to
be used for an extended period of time.
 After dusting the stage glass wipe it gently with a
soft cloth.
 Periodically apply a thin layer of grease over the
slide guide surfaces and rack of the optical tube
using a brush.
 Since the optical glass used for lenses is soft and
subject to scratches, always use an air-blower or a
feather to dust the lens surface.
RESULT – FRAME
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER
CHECKING
HEIGHT THICKNESS DIAMETER
ITEM
CAVITY A L B D K V U
BASIC SIZE 8.05 71.50 2.30 2.00 8.25 72.00 59.50
HIGH LIMIT 8.12 71.59 2.33 2.09 8.29 72.05 59.58
LOW LIMIT 7.98 71.46 2.28 1.98 8.22 71.98 59.49
MEAN (X̅) 8.05 71.52 2.30 2.02 8.25 72.01 59.52
1 8.05 71.49 2.29 2.00 8.22 71.99 59.49
2 7.99 71.48 2.28 2.02 8.22 71.98 59.52
3 8.03 71.55 2.33 2.00 8.26 72.01 59.55
4 7.98 71.59 2.30 1.98 8.27 71.98 59.49
5 8.09 71.46 2.29 2.01 8.25 72.01 59.50
6 8.12 71.50 2.31 2.01 8.24 72.05 59.58
7 8.08 71.56 2.30 2.05 8.29 72.00 59.50
8 8.05 71.51 2.31 2.09 8.25 72.04 59.51
APPARATUS SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTER
CHECKING
ITEM
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
CAVITY N O P Q R S
Ra 1.279 1.412 1.284 1.798 1.611 1.472
Rq 1.646 1.723 1.768 2.102 2.065 2.182
Rz 9.769 8.919 16.493 10.894 13.881 33.310
RESULT – FRAME
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER
CHECKING
LENGTH
ITEM
CAVITY C E F M
BASIC SIZE 43.00 80.50 100.50 23.00
HIGH LIMIT 43.04 80.56 100.52 23.00
LOW LIMIT 42.99 80.48 100.49 22.98
MEAN (X̅) 43.01 80.51 100.51 23.00
1 43.00 80.48 100.51 23.00
2 43.02 80.48 100.51 23.00
3 43.01 80.51 100.50 22.98
4 42.99 80.55 100.49 22.99
5 42.99 80.56 100.52 23.00
6 43.00 80.50 100.50 23.00
7 43.04 80.51 100.51 22.99
8 43.03 80.49 100.50 23.00
APPARATUS PROFILE PROJECTOR
CHECKING
LENGTH ANGLE RADIUS
ITEM
CAVITY G H I J T W
1 4.00 5.52 5.52 8.40 45O 8.00
RESULT – WHEEL
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER
CHECKING
DIAMETER
ITEM
CAVITY D E F H I

BASIC SIZE 56.50 48.50 101.00 13.00 8.00

HIGH LIMIT 56.50 48.50 101.10 13.11 8.10

LOW LIMIT 56.00 48.49 100.98 13.00 8.00

MEAN (X̅) 56.28 48.50 101.05 13.05 8.03

1 56.00 48.51 101.00 13.10 8.00

2 56.40 48.50 100.98 13.00 8.00

3 56.10 48.51 101.10 13.00 8.10

4 56.30 48.51 101.10 13.10 8.10

5 56.30 48.49 101.10 13.10 8.10

6 56.50 48.50 100.99 13.10 8.00

7 56.20 48.49 101.00 13.00 8.00

8 56.50 48.49 101.10 13.00 8.00

RESULT – WHEEL
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER

CHECKING
LENGTH
ITEM
CAVITY A B C G J

BASIC SIZE 27.40 4.30 37.00 12.00 2.40

HIGH LIMIT 27.40 4.30 37.01 12.01 2.41

LOW LIMIT 27.39 4.29 36.98 11.99 2.40

MEAN (X̅) 27.40 4.30 37.00 12.00 2.40

1 27.40 4.30 37.01 12.00 2.40

2 27.39 4.29 36.98 12.00 2.41

3 27.39 4.30 36.98 12.01 2.41

4 27.39 4.29 37.01 12.01 2.40

5 27.40 4.29 37.01 12.00 2.40

6 27.40 4.30 37.00 12.00 2.41

7 27.39 4.30 37.00 12.00 2.40

8 27.40 4.30 37.00 12.01 2.41

RESULT – BUSH
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER
CHECKING
DIAMETER LENGTH
ITEM
CAVITY A B C

BASIC SIZE 12.00 9.30 41.00

HIGH LIMIT 12.01 9.31 41.01

LOW LIMIT 12.00 9.30 41.00

MEAN (X̅) 12.00 9.30 41.00

1 12.00 9.30 41.00

2 12.00 9.31 41.00

3 12.00 9.31 41.01

4 12.01 9.30 41.01

5 12.00 9.30 41.00

6 12.01 9.30 41.01

7 12.00 9.30 41.00

8 12.01 9.31 41.00

RESULT – PLATE
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER
CHECKING
THICKNESS / HEIGHT DIAMETER
ITEM
CAVITY F G H I J
BASIC SIZE 0.50 9.00 2.00 50.85 8.10
HIGH LIMIT 0.50 9.00 2.00 50.86 8.10
LOW LIMIT 0.48 8.98 1.98 50.82 8.08
MEAN (X̅) 0.50 9.00 2.00 50.85 8.10
1 0.50 9.00 2.00 50.82 8.10
2 0.50 9.00 2.00 50.82 8.10
3 0.48 8.99 2.00 50.85 8.10
4 0.50 8.98 1.98 50.86 8.11
5 0.49 9.00 1.99 50.86 8.11
6 0.49 8.99 2.00 50.85 8.10
7 0.50 9.00 1.99 50.85 8.08
8 0.50 9.00 2.00 50.85 8.08
APPARATUS CONTRACER
CHECKING
ANGLE LENGTH
ITEM
CAVITY A B C D E K
1 152.43 142.55 15.07 4.34 5.39 4.48
RESULT – BOLT
APPARATUS VERNIER CALLIPER
CHECKING
LENGTH DIAMETER
ITEM
CAVITY A C D B

BASIC SIZE 12.85 13.00 53.00 8.00

HIGH LIMIT 12.88 13.02 53.11 8.06

LOW LIMIT 12.85 13.00 52.99 7.98

MEAN (X̅) 12.86 13.01 53.04 8.01

1 12.85 13.01 53.00 7.99

2 12.88 13.00 53.08 8.00

3 12.85 13.00 52.99 8.00

4 12.86 13.01 53.00 8.06

5 12.88 13.00 53.09 7.98

6 12.85 13.00 53.03 8.02

7 12.87 13.02 53.00 7.99

8 12.86 13.00 53.11 8.01

RESULT – NUT
APPARATUS TOOL MAKER MICROSCOPE CALLIPER
CHECKING
ANGLE DIAMETER LENGTH THICKNESS
ITEM
CAVITY B C D A E

BASIC SIZE 120.54O 7.27 7.34 12.85 3.60

HIGH LIMIT 120.54 O 7.27 7.40 12.87 3.63

LOW LIMIT 119.39 O 7.27 7.36 12.83 3.60

MEAN (X̅) 119.94 O 7.27 7.34 12.85 3.61

1 120.54 O 7.27 7.34 12.87 3.61

2 119.39 O 7.27 7.40 12.85 3.63

3 119.88 O 7.27 7.36 12.83 3.60