The living world and the environment interact

with each other at various levels. There are

interactions that occur within an organism,
between organism, and between the organism
and the environment. There are also
interactions between forces andobjects, and
energy and matter.

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Force and Pressure
What are Forces ?
A force, in everyday language, is a
‘push’ or a ‘pull’. But would you try to
push or pull open a water bottle? Of
course not – you would twist it open.
How else do you use forces in everyday
life?

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Effect of Forces
We cannot a see a force. However, we can see it’s effects on the object it acts on.
When a force acts upon an object, the following effects may be observered.

The object’s shape changes The object’s size changes A stationary object moves

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 The direction of an object’s
A moving object stops motion changes

a moving object may speed up or slow down

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Measuring Forces
The S.I. unit of force is the newton (N). One newton is the force that will causw a body of 1 kg to
vhange its speed by 1 m/s, every second.

Gravity
The S.I. unit of force is the newton (N). One newton is the force that will causw
a body of 1 kg to vhange its speed by 1 m/s, every second.

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Pressure
The measure of the amount of force acting on a unit area is known as pressure.

Calculating Pressure

1𝑁
When the force of 1 N acts over an area of 1 m², the pressure is P = = 1 N/m² = 1 Pa.
1 𝑚²

The S.I. unit of pressure is N/m² and is given the name pascal (Pa). After the French scientist,
Blaise Pascal.

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 Ecology
• Ecology is the study of the various reationships between living organisms and their environment.
• The environment of organism can be classified into the two catagores :

1. Physical Environment
• The physical environment depends on the place where an organism lives, that is , its habitat.
• Every habitat has has its own physical conditions.
• Factors of the physical environment

Factors of physical environment

Light Temperature Water Air Mineral salts Ph

and salinity

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2. Biotic Environment
• The biotic environment refers to all the living organism in a habitat.
A. Predator-prey relationship B. Parasitism

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An ecosystem consists of communities of living organism interacting with one another and with
their physica lenvironment.

• Types of ecosystem

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Transfer of Energy in an Ecosystem

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Food chains and food webs
• A series of organism thourgh of energy and food are transferred from one organism to another is called a
food chain
• Each stage in a food chain is called a trophic level.
• In a community, food chains are inter-linked to from a food web.

FOOD CHAINS FOOD WEBS

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• The energy level decreases progressively along the food chain. This is because a lot of energy is lost of
the environment as food is transferrd from one trophic level to the next.
• The energy present in each level of the food chain can be expressed through a pyramid of energy.

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Launch