BR Lesson No.

HOW TO WRITE
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
• INTRODUCTION
• SETTING OF THE STUDY
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• HYPOTHESES
• ASSUMPTIONS
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
 INTRODUCTION

HOW TO WRITE
* This starts on a new page. This is page 1 but the
page number is not indicated here. This is a
chapter page and all chapter pages are NOT
numbered.
• The word CHAPTER is capitalized. It is placed
1 inch from the top edge of the page. The
chapter number is in Arabic (as typed above).
• The title is upper and lower case (as typed
above), placed 2 spaces below the chapter
title.
• A discussion of the background of the study
is first given; it also discusses the crisis that
prompted the study.

• Orient the readers about the topic

• State the relevance and importance
• Justify the choice
• Start from general to specific
WHAT TO INCLUDE

• Historical background
• Current status or situation
• Rationale of the study
• A final or closing statement
 SETTING OF THE STUDY

• The setting of the study identifies the place

where the study will be undertaken. It also
includes a location map illustrating the setting.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• An important reason for the conduct of

research is to contribute to the fund of
knowledge. A good research must either test
an existing theory or prove whether an existing
concept is true or not.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• The theoretical framework is the structure that

can hold or support a theory of a research
study. The theoretical framework introduces
and describes the theory that explains why the
research problem under study exists.
THOMASSEN’S CUSTOMER SATISFACTION MODEL
According to Thomassen, both the so-called value proposition
and other influencers have an impact on final customer
satisfaction. In his satisfaction model (Fig. 1), Thomassen shows
that word-of-mouth, personal needs, past experiences, and
marketing and public relations determine customers’ needs and
expectations. These factors are compared to their experiences,
and this comparison between expectations and experiences
determines a customer’s satisfaction level. Thomassen’s model is
important in this study, as it can reveal both to what extent
company X’s customers are satisfied and where improvements
are necessary.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• The theoretical framework is the structure that

can hold or support a theory of a research
study. The theoretical framework introduces
and describes the theory that explains why the
research problem under study exists.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• A conceptual framework is the researcher’s idea

on how the research problem will have to be
explored. This is founded on the theoretical
framework.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• The theoretical framework provides a general
representation of relationships between things in
a given phenomenon. The conceptual
framework, on the other hand, embodies the
specific direction by which the research will have
to be undertaken.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• The difference between theoretical framework and
conceptual framework can be further clarified by the
following examples on both concepts:

Theoretical Framework: Stimulus elicits response.

Conceptual Framework: New teaching method improves
students’ academic performance.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• The statement of the problem identifies
what the researchers plan to study. It
specifies what questions they want
answered by the study itself.
• It answers the question: Why is this study
being undertaken?
2 PARTS OF THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. General Problem

2. Specific Sub-Problems
• The general problem is stated in
declarative form while the specific
sub-problems are stated in
interrogative form.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• The objectives of the study simply restate the
questions enumerated in the Statement of the
Problem into an objective or infinitive form.
• The objectives must be listed in the exact order
as the questions listed in the Statement of the
Problem.
 HYPOTHESES
• A hypothesis is a supposition or proposed
explanation made on the basis of limited
evidence as a starting point for further
investigation.
• There are two hypotheses for the study: the null
hypothesis (H0) and the alternate hypothesis
(H1).
 HYPOTHESES

• The null and alternate hypotheses must always

oppose each other. Therefore, if one is stated in
the negative, the other must be stated in the
affirmative.
 SAMPLE HYPOTHESES

• H0: There is no significant relationship between

the gender of students and their academic
performance in high school.
• H1: There exists a significant relationship
between the gender of students and their
academic performance in high school.
 ASSUMPTIONS
• The assumptions are ideas that are believed to
be true, but which are difficult to ascertain.
• They affect the quality of the research being
undertaken.
• Example: The participants will answer the
interview questions in an honest and candid
manner.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• The first part must contain the scope of the
study while the second part must contain its
delimitation.
• The scope discusses the parameters of the study.
It identifies what the research paper covers.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• The delimitation explains the different obstacles
or limitations that the researchers face or
experience that affect the quality of the research
being undertaken (e.g. time, financial and
physical constraints).
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• The significance of the study identifies the

different groups of people or institutions that
will benefit from the study, and explains how
each group will benefit from it.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• This section is also known as the Glossary.
• This section provides literal or operational
definition of terms that might not be easily
understood by ordinary readers, either because
they are very technical, or they are jargons.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• The terms must be arranged alphabetically (just

like in a dictionary).
• Each word definition is indented. The word that
will be defined must either be bold or
underlined.
• Definitions must be in complete sentences.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• The terms that will be defined are those that can

be found in Chapter 2 – Review of Related
Literature and Studies.