Overview of TEMA Standard: Presented By: SAK SR Project Engineer Engineering Department

Overview of TEMA Standard
Presented By: SAK

Sr Project Engineer
Engineering Department
SECTIONS
• Section 1 : NOMENCLATURE
• Section 2 : FABRICATION TOLERANCES
• Section 3 : GENERAL FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE INFORMATION
• Section 4 : INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE
• Section 5 : MECHANICAL STANDARD TEMA CLASS RCB HEAT
EXCHANGERS
• Section 6 : FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION
• Section 7 : THERMAL RELATIONS
• Section 8 : PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• Section 9 : GENERAL INFORMATION
• Section 10 : RGP RECOMMENDED GOOD PRACTICE
SECTION 1
NOMENCLATURE
SECTION 1 : NOMENCLATURE
1. NOMINAL DIAMETER
The nominal diameter shall be the inside diameter of the shell in inches(mm).
2. NOMINAL LENGTH
Tube length for straight tubes shall be taken as the actual overall length. For U-tubes the
length shall be taken as the approximate straight length from end of tube to bend tangent.
The nominal length shall be in inches (mm).
3. TYPE
Type designation shall be by letters describing stationary head, shell (omitted for bundles
only), and ear head, in that order, as indicated in Figure N-1.2.
TEMA TYPES
Exchanger Types (TEMA) based on the end characteristic of the tubes
•Fixed Tubesheet Type } (Non Removable Bundle)
•Floating Head Type

•U-tube Type Removable
Bundle
Fixed Tubesheet Type

Fixed Tubesheet Type

Floating Head Type

Floating Type
U-Tube Type
U-Tube Type
Nomenclature of Component (TEMA)

TEMA AES and BEM type

TEMA AEP and CFU type

TEMA type AKT and AJW type
AJW
Channel
Shell Head
Nozzle
Girth Flange
Tubesheet
U-Tube Bundle
U- tubes
Baffle
Tierod & Spacer
Spacer
Tierod
Shell
Coupling or Instrument
Connection
Shell
Nozzle
Fixed
Tubesheet
Shell or
Cylinder
Pass Partition
Floating Head
Assembled Heat Exchanger
Lifting Lug
Saddle
Support
Nameplate
Tube to Tubesheet Joint

Tube Expanding

Seal Weld  Strength Weld

Mock up Test – Strength Weld
SECTION 2
HEAT EXCHANGER
FABRICATION TOLERANCES
SECTION 2 : HEAT EXCHANGER FABRICATION
TOLERANCES
TOLERANCES
TOLERANCES
SECTION3
GENERAL FABRICATION AND

PERFORMANCE INFORMATION
SECTION 3 : GENERAL FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE
INFORMATION
1-DEFINITIONS
1. BAFFLE
is a device to direct the shell side fluid across tubes for optimum heat transfer.
2. BAFFLE AND SUPPORT PLATE TUBE HOLE CLEARANCE

The diametral difference between the nominal tube OD and the nominal tube hole diameter in the baffle or
support plate.
3. CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
Are indirect liabilities lying outside the heat exchanger manufacturer's stated equipment warranty obligations.
4. DOUBLE TUBE SHEET CONSTRUCTION

A type of construction in which two (2) spaced tubesheets or equivalent are employed in lieu of the single
tube sheet at one or both ends of the heat exchanger
5. EFFECTIVE SHELL AND TUBE SIDE DESIGN PRESSURES

The resultant load values expressed as uniform pressures used in the determination of tubesheet thickness
for fixed tubesheet heat exchangers and are functions of the shell side design pressure, the tube side design
pressure, the equivalent differential expansion pressure and the equivalent bolting pressure.
6. EQUIVALENT BOLTING PRESSURE

The pressure equivalent resulting from the effects of bolting loads imposed on tubesheets in a fixed
tubesheet heat exchanger when the tubesheets are extended for bolting as flanged connections.
SECTION 3 : GENERAL FABRICATION AND
1-DEFINITIONS
7. EQUIVALENT DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PRESSURE
The pressure equivalent resulting from the effect of tubesheet loadings in a fixed tubesheet heat
exchanger imposed by the restraint of differential thermal expansion between shell and tubes.
8. EXPANDED TUBE JOINT

The tube-to-tubesheet joint achieved by mechanical or explosive expansion of the tube into the tube hole
in the tubesheet.
9. EXPANSION JOINT "J" FACTOR

The ratio of the spring rate of the expansion joint to the sum of the axial spring rate of the shell and the
spring rate of the expansion joint.
10. FLANGE LOAD CONCENTRATION FACTORS

Factors used to compensate for the uneven application of bolting moments due to large bolt spacing.
11. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM BAFFLE AND SUPPORT SPACING'S

Are design limitations for the spacing of baffles to provide for mechanical integrity and thermal and
hydraulic effectiveness of the bundle. The possibility for induced vibration has not been considered in
establishing these values
SECTION 3 : GENERAL FABRICATION AND
1-DEFINITIONS
12. NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS
A shell and tube heat exchanger are the thermal and hydraulic performance requirements generally
specified for sizing the heat exchanger.
13. PULSATING FLUID CONDITIONS

Are conditions of flow generally characterized by rapid fluctuations in pressure and flow rate resulting from
sources outside of the heat exchanger .
14. SEISMIC LOADINGS

Are forces and moments resulting in induced stresses on any member of a heat exchanger due to pulse
mode or complex waveform accelerations to the heat exchanger, such as those resulting from earthquakes.
15. SHELL AND TUBE MEAN METAL TEMPERATURES

Are the average metal temperatures through the shell and tube thicknesses integrated over the length of
the heat exchanger for a given steady state operating condition.
16. SHUT-DOWN CONDITIONS

Are the conditions of operation which exist from the time of steady state operating conditions to the time
that flow of both process streams has ceased.
INFORMATION
Selection
Chart for
Tube-Tube
sheet Joint
INFORMATION
Tube-Tubesheet Joint
Impingement Baffle
Tie Rods and Spacers
INFORMATION
2- HEAT EXCHANGER SPECIFICATION SHEET
INFORMATION
1- SHOP OPERATION
The detailed methods of shop operation are left to the discretion of the manufacturer in conformity with
these Standards
2- INSPECTION
1. MANUFACTURER'S INSPECTION
Inspection and testing of units will be provided by the manufacturer unless otherwise specified. The manufacturer
shall carry out the inspections required by the ASME Code, and also inspections required by state and local codes
when the purchaser specifies the plant location.
2. PURCHASER'S INSPECTION
The purchaser shall have the right to make inspections during fabrication and to witness any tests when he has so
requested. Advance notification shall be given as agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Inspection by
the purchaser shall not relieve the manufacturer of his responsibilities.
3- NAME PLATES
1. MANUFACTURER'S NAME PLATE
2. NAME PLATE DATA
3. TEMA REGISTRATION PLATE
INFORMATION
4- DRAWINGS AND ASME CODE DATA REPORTS
1. DRAWINGS FOR APPROVAL AND CHANGE
Purchaser's approval of drawings does not relieve the manufacturer of responsibility for compliance with this Standard and
applicable ASME Code requirements. The manufacturer shall not make any changes on the approved drawings without express
agreement of the purchaser.
2. DRAWINGS FOR RECORD
After approval of drawings, manufacturer shall furnish three (3) prints or, at his option, a transparency of all approved drawings.
3. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS TO DRAWINGS
The drawings and the design indicated by them are to be considered the property of the manufacturer and are not to be used or
reproduced without his permission, except by the purchaser for his own internal use.
4. ASME CODE DATA REPORTS
After completion of fabrication and inspection of ASME Code stamped exchangers, the manufacturer shall furnish three (3)
copies of the ASME Manufacturer's Data Report.
5- GUARANTEES
1. GENERAL
The specific terms of the guarantees should be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. Unless otherwise agreed upon
by the manufacturer and purchaser, the following paragraphs in this section will be applicable.
2. PERFORMANCE
The manufacturer shall guarantee thermal performance and mechanical design of a heat exchanger. The manufacturer shall
assume no responsibility for excessive fouling of the apparatus by material such as coke, silt, scale, or any foreign substance
that may be deposited.
INFORMATION
5- GUARANTEES
3. THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST
A performance test shall be made if it is established after operation that the performance of the exchanger is not satisfactory,
provided the thermal performance rating was made by the manufacturer.
4. DEFECTIVE PARTS
The manufacturer shall repair or replace F.O.B. his plant any parts proven defective within the guarantee period.
5. CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
The manufacturer shall not be held liable for any indirect or consequential damage.
6. CORROSION AND VIBRATION
The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for deterioration of any part or parts of the equipment due to corrosion, erosion,
flow induced tube vibration, or any other causes, regardless of when such deterioration occurs after leaving the
manufacturer's premises.
7. REPLACEMENT AND SPARE PARTS
When replacement or spare tube bundles, shells, or other parts are purchased, the manufacturer is to guarantee satisfactory
fit of such parts only if he was the original manufacturer. Parts fabricated to drawings furnished.
6- PREPARATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR SHIPMENT

The Exchanger should be cleaned, drained ,flange \expansion joint \connections \ damage protected for
shipment purpose.
INFORMATION
7- GENERAL CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF TEMA STANDARD HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. HORIZONTAL UNITS :
For units with removable tube bundles, supports should be designed to withstand a pulling force equal to 1-1/2 times the
weight of the tube bundle. For purposes of support design, forces from external nozzle loadings, wind and seismic events are
assumed to be negligible unless the purchaser specifically details the requirements. When these additional loads and forces
are required to be considered, the combinations need not be assumed to occur simultaneously.
2. VERTICAL UNITS
Vertical units are to be provided with supports adequate to meet design requirements. The supports may be of the lug,
annular ring, leg or skirt type.
3. LIFTING DEVICES
Channels, bonnets, and covers which weigh over 60 Ibs. (27.2 Kg) are to be provided with lifting lugs,
rings or tapped holes for eyebolts. Unless otherwise specified, these lifting devices are designed to
lift only the component to which they are directly attached. Lugs for lifting the complete unit are not normally provided. When
lifting lugs or trunnions are required by the purchaser to lift the complete unit, the device must be adequately designed.
4. WIND & SEISMIC DESIGN

For wind and seismic forces to be considered in the design of a heat exchanger, the purchaser must
specify in the inquiry the design requirements.
SECTION4
INSTALLATION, OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE
SECTION 4 : INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
1. PERFORMANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
• PERFORMANCE FAILURES
The failure of heat exchanger equipment to perform satisfactorily may be caused by one or
more factors, such as:
(1) Excessive fouling.

(2) Air or gas binding resulting from improper piping installation or lack of suitable vents.
(3) Operating conditions differing from design conditions.
(4) Maldistribution of flow in the unit.
(5) Excessive clearances between the baffles and shell and/or tubes, due to corrosion.
(6) Improper thermal design.
SECTION 4 : INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
2. INSTALLATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. HEAT EXCHANGER SETTINGS

• CLEARANCE FOR DISMANTLING
• For straight tube/ Fixed tube / U tube exchangers fitted with removable bundles, provide sufficient clearance at the
stationary head end to permit removal of the bundle from the shell and provide adequate space beyond the rear head to
permit removal of the shell cover and/or floating head cover.
• FOUNDATIONS
Foundations must be adequate so that exchangers will not settle and impose excessive strains on the exchanger.
• FOUNDATION BOLTS
Foundation bolts should be loosened at one end of the unit to allow free expansion of shells Slotted holes in supports are
provided for this purpose.
• LEVELING
Exchangers must be set level and square so that pipe connections may be made without forcing.
2. CLEANLINESS PROVISIONS
• CONNECTION PROTECTORS
All exchanger openings should be inspected for foreign material. Protective plugs and covers
should not be removed until just prior to installation.
• DIRT REMOVAL
The entire system should be clean before starting operation. Under some conditions, the use of strainers in the piping
may be required.
3. FITTINGS AND PIPING

1. BY-PASS VALVES
2. TEST CONNECTIONS
3. VENTS
4. DRAINS
5. PULSATION AND VIBRATION
6. SAFETY RELIEF DEVICES
3. OPERATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. DESIGN AND OPERATING CONDITIONS
2. OPERATING PROCEDURES
1. START-UP OPERATION
2. SHUT-DOWN OPERATION
3. TEMPERATURE SHOCKS
4. BOLTED JOINTS
5. RECOMMENDED BOLT TIGHTENING PROCEDURE
4. MAINTENANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. INSPECTION OF UNIT: At regular intervals and as frequently as experience indicates, an

examination should be made of the interior and exterior condition of the unit.
1. INDICATIONS OF FOULING
Exchangers subject to fouling or scaling should be cleaned periodically. A light sludge or scale coating
on the tube greatly reduces its efficiency.
2. DISASSEMBLY FOR INSPECTION OR CLEANING
Before disassembly, the user must assure himself that the unit has been depressurized, vented and
drained, neutralized and/or purged of hazardous material.
3. LOCATING TUBE LEAKS
2. TUBE BUNDLE REMOVAL AND HANDLING
3. CLEANING TUBE BUNDLES

1. Circulating hot wash oil or light distillate through tubes or shell at high velocity
2. Commercial cleaning compounds
3. High pressure water jet cleaning
4. Scrapers, rotating wire brushes, and other mechanical means
5. Tubes should not be cleaned by blowing steam through individual tubes since this heats the tube and may result
in severe expansion strain and deformation or looseningof the tube-to-tubesheet joint.
6. Cleaning compounds must be compatible
Bundle Extractor
Bundle Extracting
Bundle Cleaning
SECTION5
MECHANICAL STANDARDS
TEMA CLASS R C B
SECTION 5: MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B
1. SCOPE OF STANDARDS
2. DEFINITION OF TEMA CLASS "R” EXCHANGERS
3. DEFINITION OF TEMA CLASS "C”EXCHANGERS
4. DEFINITION OF TEMA CLASS "B”EXCHANGERS
5. CONSTRUCTION CODES
• TEMA R: Unfired shell and tube heat exchangers for the

generally severe requirements of petroleum and related
processing applications.
• TEMA B: Unfired shell and tube heat exchangers for
chemical process service.
• TEMA C: Unfired shell and tube heat exchangers for the
generally moderate requirements of commercial and
general process applications. .
Examples of Common TEMA Type Heat Exchangers
Straight Tube, Fixed Tubesheet (eg. Type BEM, AEM, NEN)

• Tubesheet is welded to the shell and the heads are bolted to the tubesheet.
• A removable bonnet or cover plate design is provided to facilitate tube cleaning.
Advantages
• Typically lowest cost TEMA design per square foot
of heat transfer surface.
• Provides maximum amount of surface for a given
shell and tube diameter and length.
• Can be single or multiple tube side passes to
assure proper velocity
Limitations
• Shell side can only be chemically cleaned.
• No natural provision to allow for differential thermal
expansion, an expansion joint must be used.
Applications
• Oil Coolers, Liquid to Liquid, Vapor condensers, reboilers, gas coolers
• Generally, more viscous and warmers fluids flow through the shell
• Corrosive or high fouling fluids should flow inside the tubes
Removable Bundle, U-Tube (eg. Type BEU, AEU)
• Well suited for severe performance requirements with maximum thermal expansion capability.
• Each tube can expand and contract independently.
Advantages
• U-tube design allows for differential thermal
expansion between the shell and the tube bundle
as well as for individual tubes
• Less costly than floating head or packed floating
head designs
• Capable of withstanding thermal shock applications
• Bundle can be removed from one end for cleaning
or replacement
• Shell circuit can be inspected and steam or
mechanically cleaned
Limitations
• Because of u-bend, tubes can be cleaned only by chemical means
• No single tube pass or true countercurrent flow is possible
• Draining of tube circuit is difficult when mounted with the vertical position with the head side up
Applications
• Oil, chemical and water heating applications
• Excellent in steam to liquid applications
Removable Bundle, Externally Sealed Floating Tubesheet (eg. Type OP, AEW, BEW)
• Removable bundle with floating tubesheet sealed to prevents intermixing of fluids.
Advantages
• Floating tubesheet allows for differential thermal
expansion between the shell and tube bundle
• The tube bundle can be repaired or replaced
without disturbing shell pipe
• Shell circuit can be inspected and steam or
mechanically cleaned
• Maximum surface for given shell diameter for
removable bundle design
Limitations
• Fluids in both the shell and tube circuits must be
non-volatile, non-toxic
• All tubes are attached to two tubesheets. Tubes
cannot expand independently so that large thermal shock applications should be avoided
• Packing materials produce limits on design pressure and temperature
Applications
• Intercoolers and aftercoolers, air inside the tubes
• Coolers with water inside the tubes
• Jacket water coolers or other high differential temperature duty
Removable Bundle, Outside Packed Head (eg. Type BEP, AEP)
• Removable, straight tube bundle.
• Packed, skirted floating tubesheet.
Advantages
• Floating tubesheet allows for differential thermal
• The tube bundle can be repaired or replaced without
disturbing shell piping.
• Shell circuit can be inspected and steam cleaned.
• On AEP design, tubes can be serviced without
disturbing tubeside piping
• Only shell fluids are exposed to packing. Toxic or
volatile fluids can be cooled in the tubeside circuit
Limitations
• Shell fluids limited to non volatile, non toxic materials
• Packing limits shell side design temperature and pressure
• All tubes are attached to two tubesheets. Tubes cannot expand independently so that large thermal shock
applications should be avoided
• Less surface per given shell and tube diameter than AEW or BEW
Applications
• Flammable or toxic liquids in the tube circuit
• Good for high fouling liquids in the tube circuit
SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B
Bundle, Internal Split Ring Floating Head (eg. Type AES, BES)
• Removable straight-tube bundle.
• Split Clamp Ring
Advantages
• Ideal for applications requiring frequent tube bundle
removal for inspection and cleaning.
• Floating head design allows for differential thermal
• Shell circuit can be inspected and steam cleaned.
• Higher surface per given shell and tube diameter
than “pull-through” designs such as AET, BET, etc.
Limitations
• Shell cover, split ring and floating head cover must
be removed to remove the tube bundle, results in higher maintenance cost than pull-through
• More costly per square foot of surface than fixed tube sheet or U-tube designs
Applications
• Chemical processing applications for toxic fluids
• Special intercoolers and aftercoolers
• General industrial applications
• Removable Bundle, Pull-Through Floating Head (eg. Type AET, BET)
• • Removable straight tube bundle
• • Floating head
• Advantages
• • Ideal for applications requiring frequent tube bundle
• removal for inspection and cleaning.
• • Floating head design allows for differential thermal
• expansion between the shell and the tube bundle
• • Shell circuit can be inspected and steam or
• mechanically cleaned
• • Provides large bundle entrance area for proper fluid
• distribution
• • Suitable for toxic or volatile fluid cooling
• Limitations
• • For a given set of conditions, this TEMA style is the most expensive design
• • Less surface per given shell and tube diameter than other removable designs
• Applications
• • Chemical processing applications for toxic fluids
• • Hydrocarbon fluid condensers
• • General industrial applications requiring frequent cleaning
CONSTRUCTION CODES
• The individual vessels shall comply with the ASME (American Society of Mechanical / Engineers) Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, hereinafter referred to as the Code.
STANDARD TEST/ HYDROSTATIC TEST

• The exchanger shall be hydrostatically tested with water. The test pressure shall be held for at least 30 minutes.
When the tube side design pressure is the higher pressure, the tube bundle shall be tested outside of the shell
only if specified by the purchaser and the construction permits .
PNEUMATIC TEST
• When liquid cannot be tolerated as a test medium the exchanger may be given a pneumatic test in accordance
with the Code. It must be recognized that air or gas is hazardous when used as a pressure testing medium.
•
SUPPLEMENTARY AIR TEST

• When a supplementary air or gas test is specified by the purchaser, it shall be preceded by the hydrostatic test.
METAL TEMPERATURES
• For parts in contact with the fliud shall be slected on the basis of design temperature and parts not in contact
with fliud
RCB-1.5 STANDARD CORROSION ALLOWANCES
RCB-1.51 CARBON STEEL PARTS

• R-1.511 PRESSURE PARTS
• All carbon steel pressure parts, except as noted below, are to have a corrosion allowance of 1/8" (3.2
mm).
• CB-1.511 PRESSURE PARTS
• All carbon steel pressure parts, except as noted below, are to have a corrosion allowance of 1/16" (1.6
mm).
RCB-1.52 ALLOY PARTS
• Alloy parts are not required to have corrosion allowance.
R-1.53 CAST IRON PARTS
• Cast iron pressure parts shall have a corrosion allowance of 1/8" (3.2 mm).
CB-1.53 CAST IRON PARTS
• Cast iron pressure parts shall have a corrosion allowance of 1/16" (1.6 mm).
RCB-1.6 SERVICE LIMITATIONS
RB-1.61 CAST IRON PARTS

• Cast iron shall be used only for water service at pressures not exceeding 150 psi (1034 kPa).
C-1.61 CAST IRON PARTS
• Cast iron shall not be used for pressures exceeding 150 psi (1034 kPa), or for lethal or flammable fluids
at any pressure.
• TUBE LENGTH
The following tube lengths for both straight and U-tube exchangers are commonly used: 96
(2438), 120 (3048), 144 (3658), 192 (4877) and 240 (6096) inches (mm). Other lengths may be
used.
• BARE TUBES
Table RCB-2.21 lists common tube diameters and gages for bare tubes of copper, steel and alloy.
Other diameters and gages are acceptable.
• U-BEND REQUIREMENTS
When U-bends are formed, it is normal for the tube wall at the outer radius to thin. The minimum
tube wall thickness in the bent portion before bending shall be:
to = t1 [1 + d o /4R]
where
to = Original tube wall thickness, inches (mm)
t 1 = Minimum tube wall thickness calculated by Code rules for a straight tube subjected to the
same pressure and metal temperature, inches (mm)
do = Outside tube diameter, inches (mm)
R = Mean radius of bend, inches (mm)
• HEAT TREATMENT
Cold work in forming U-bends may induce embrittlement or susceptibility to stress corrosion in
certain materials and/or environments. Heat treatment to alleviate such conditions may be
performed by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
TUBE PATTERNS
• SQUARE PATTERN
In removable bundle units, when mechanical cleaning of the tubes is specified by the purchaser,
tube lanes should be continuous.
• TRIANGULAR PATTERN
Triangular or rotated triangular pattern should not be used when the shell side is to be cleaned
mechanically.
• R-TUBE PITCH
Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center-to-center distance of 1.25 times the outside
diameter of the tube. When mechanical cleaning of the tubes is specified by the purchaser,
minimum cleaning lanes of 1/4" (6.4 mm) shall be provided.
• C- TUBE PITCH
diameter of the tube. Where the tube diameters are 5/8" (15.9 mm) or less and tube-to-
tubesheet joints are expanded only, the minimum center-to-center distance may be reduced to
1.20 times the outside diameter.
• B-TUBE PITCH
diameter of the tube. When mechanical cleaning of the tubes is specified by the purchaser and
the nominal shell diameter is 12 inches (305 mm) or less, minimum cleaning lanes of 3/16" (4.8
mm) shall be provided. For shell diameters greater than 12 inches (305 mm), minimum
cleaning lanes of 1/4" (6.4 mm) shall be provided.
Tube Layout Patterns
Segmental Baffle Cut
Baffle cut is defined as the segment opening height expressed as a percentage of the shell
inside diameter or as a percentage of the total net free area inside the shell (shell cross sectional
area minus total tube area).
Effect of small and large baffle cuts

Types of Segmental Baffles

No Tube in Window (NTIW)

• TUBE HOLES
Where the maximum unsupported tube length is 36 inches (914 mm) or less, or for tubes larger
indiameter than 1-1/4 inches (31.8 mm) 00, standard tube holes are to be 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) over
the 00 of the tubes. Where the unsupported tube length exceeds 36 inches (914 mm) for tubes 1-
1/4 inches (31.8 mm) diameter and smaller, standard tube holes are to be 1/64 inch (0.4 mm) over
the 00 of the tubes.
• TRANSVERSE BAFFLE AND SUPPORT CLEARANCE

The transverse baffle and support plate clearance shall be such that the difference between the
shell design inside diameter and the outside diameter of the baffle shall not exceed that indicated
in Table
• TRANSVERSE BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES

The following tables show the minimum thickness of transverse baffles and support plates
applying to all materials for various shell diameters and plate spacing's.
• R-4.42 LONGITUDINAL BAFFLES
Longitudinal baffles shall not be less than 1/4" (6.4 mm) nominal metal thickness.
• CB-4.42 LONGITUDINAL BAFFLES
Longitudinal carbon steel baffles shall not be less than 1/4" (6.4 mm) nominal metal thickness.
Longitudinal alloy baffles shall not be less than 1/8" (3.2 mm) nominal metal thickness.
• RCB-4.5 SPACING OF BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES
• RCB-4.51 MINIMUM SPACING
Segmental baffles normally should not be spaced closer than 1/5 of the shell ID or 2 inches (51
mm), whichever is greater. However, special design considerations may dictate a closer spacing.
• RCB-4.52 MAXIMUM SPACING
Tube support plates shall be so spaced that the unsupported tube span does not exceed the
value indicated in Table RCB-4.S2 for the tube material used.
• NUMBER AND SIZE OF TIE RODS
Table R-4.71 shows suggested tie rod count and diameter for various sizes of heat exchangers.
Other combinations of tie rod number and diameter with equivalent metal area are permissible;
however, no fewer than four tie rods, and no diameter less than 3/8“ (9.5 mm) shall be used. Any
baffle segment requires a minimum of three points of support.
• RCB-S FLOATING END CONSTRUCTION
• GASKETS
• TUBESHEET FORM ULA – BENDING
• T=FG/3 ѵ(p/ ȵ S
T = Effective tube sheet thickness, inches (mm).
F= factor dependent of Tube wall thickness and Tube ID
S= Code allowable stress in tension
P= Effective Design pressure, psi (kPa) ,
G = shall be the shell inside diameter.
ȵ = Tube pitch factor
• TUBESHEET FORMULA – SHEAR
T= 0.31 DL(1-do/pitch )(P/S)
D L = 4A/C = Equivalent dia of the tube center limit perimeter, inches(mm)
C = Perimeter of the tube layout.
FIXED TUBESHEET OR FLOATING TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS ---------------------------------- formulas in standard

U-TUBE TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS formulas in standard ------------------------------------------ formulas in standard
EFFECTIVE DESIGN PRESSURE – BENDING (Type P) formulas in standard --------------------- formulas in standard
EFFECTIVE DESIGN PRESSURE – SHEAR Type P) -formulas in standard ------------------------ formulas in standard
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN TUBE SHEETS -formulas in standard ---------------------------- formulas in standard
EQUIVALENT DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PRESSURE -formulas in standard ---------------- formulas in standard
EFFECTIVE TUBE SIDE DESIGN PRESSURE -formulas in standard ------------------------------ formulas in standard
SHELL LONGITUDINAL STRESS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- formulas in standard
TUBE LONGITUDINAL STRESS - PERIPHERY OF BUNDLE ---------------------------------------- formulas in standard
ALLOWABLE TUBE COMPRESSIVE STRESS------------------------------------------------------------ formulas in standard
TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINT LOADS---------------------------------------------------------------------- formulas in standard
PASS PARTITION PLATE FORMULA--------------------------------------------------------------------- formulas in standard
MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED BOLT SPACING --------------------------------------------------------- formulas in standard
• MINIMUM TUBESHEET THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS

• In no case shall the total thickness minus corrosion allowance, in the areas into which tubes
are to be expanded, of any tube sheet be less than the outside diameter of tubes. In no case
shall the total tube sheet thickness, including corrosion allowance, be less than 3/411 (19.1
mm).
• TUBE HOLE DIAMETERS AND TOLERANCES

SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B
TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINTS
LENGTH OF EXPANSION
Tubes shall be expanded into the tubesheet for a length no less than 2" (50.8 mm) or
the tubesheet thickness minus 1/811 (3.2 mm), whichever is smaller. In no case shall
the expanded portion extend beyond the shell side face of the tubesheet.
SECTION 6
FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION

SECTION 6 : FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION
SCOPE
• Fluid flow, inter-related with heat exchanger geometry can cause heat exchanger tubes to vibrate.
VIBRATION DAMAGE PATTERNS
1. COLLISION DAMAGE
Impact of the tubes against each other or against the vessel wall, due to large amplitudes of the vibrating
tube, can result in failure.
2. BAFFLE DAMAGE
When large fluid forces are present, the tube can impact the baffle hole causing thinning of the tube wall in
a circumferential, uneven manner, usually the width of the baffle thickness. Continuous thinning over a
period of time results in tube failure.
3. TUBESHEET CLAMPING EFFECT
Tubes may be expanded into the tube sheet to minimize the crevice between the outer tube wall and the
tube sheet hole. The natural frequency of the tube span adjacent to the tube sheet is increased by the
clamping effect. However, the stresses due to any lateral deflection of the tube are also maximum at the
location where the tube emerges from the tube sheet, contributing to possible tube breakage.
4. MATERIAL DEFECT PROPAGATION
Flaws contained within the material and strategically oriented with respect to the stress field, can readily
propagate and actuate tube failure. Corrosion and erosion can add to such failure mechanisms.
5. ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
Acoustic resonance is due to gas column oscillation creates an acoustic vibration of a standing wave type.
When the acoustic resonant frequency approaches the tube natural frequency, any tendency toward tube
vibration will be accentuated with possible tube failure.
FAILURE REGIONS
1. U-BENDS
2. NOZZLE ENTRANCE AND EXIT AREA
3. TUBESHEET REGION
4. BAFFLE REGION
5. OBSTRUCTIONS
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
1. STROUHAL NUMBER
Shedding of vortices from isolated tubes in a fluid medium is correlated by the Strouhal Number. which is
given by:
where
• s= fs do /12V
• f s = Vortex shedding frequency, cycles/sec
• V = Cross-flow velocity of the fluid relative to the tube, ft/sec
• do = Outside dia
1. FLUID ELASTIC PARAMETER
A dimensionless parameter used in the correlations to predict flow induced vibration is given by:
• X= 144woxdawaT\ Po do2 meter of tube, inches
• Wo = Effective weight of the tube per unit length, defined in Paragraph V-7.1, Ib/tt
• 6 T = Logarithmic decrement in the tube unsupported span (see Paragraph V-8)
• Po = Density of the shell side fluid at its local bulk temperature, Ib/tt 3
• do = Outside diameter of tube, inches
• NATURAL FREQUENCY
• Most heat exchangers have multiple baffle supports and varied individual unsupported
spans. Calculation of the natural frequency of the heat exchanger tube is an essential step
in estimating its potential for flow induced vibration failure. The current state-of-the-art flow
induced vibration correlations are not sophisticated enough to warrant treating the multi-
span tube vibration problem (or mode shapes other than the fundamental) in one
comprehensive analysis. Therefore, the potential for vibration is evaluated for each
individual unsupported span, with the velocity and natural frequency considered being that
of the unsupported span under examination
• fn= 10.838-AC/ L 2 [EI/Wo] ½ or f n= 68.06Cu/r 2 [EI/Wo] ½

(Straight tube) (U-tube)
• A =Tube axial stress multiplier. See Paragraph V-6

• C= Constant depending on edge condition geometry or C u = Mode constant of U-bend
• f n = Fundamental natural frequency of the tube unsupported span, cycles/sec
• l = Tube unsupported span as shown in Table V-5.3, inches or r= Mean bend radius, inches
• E = Elastic modulus of tube material at the tube metal temperature, psi
• Wo = Effective weight of the tube per unit length, defined in Paragraph V-7.1, Ib/tt
• I = Moment of inertia of the tube cross section, inches 4
SEAL STRIPS
• Seal strips are often used to help block the circumferential bypass space between a tube
bundle and shell, or other bypass lanes. Seal strips force fluid from the bypass stream back
into the bundle.
• C 1 = 1 +[(D1/D3-l )/4]+l.5 C3 )
• D 1 = Shell inside diameter, inches
• D 2 = Baffle diameter, inches
• D 3 = Outer tube limit (OTL), inches
• d 1 = Tube hole diameter in baffle, inches
• C1 = D1 – D2 /D1
ESTIMATE OF CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY

The critical flow velocity, V c , for a tube span is the minimum cross-flow velocity
at which that span may vibrate with unacceptably large amplitudes. The critical
flow velocity for tube spans in the window, overlap, inlet and outlet regions, U-
bends, and all atypical locations should be calculated. The critical velocity, V c,is
defined by:
V c = D fn do /12
where
• D = Value obtained from Table V-10.1
• f n = Fundamental natural frequency, cycles/sec (see Paragraph V-5.3)
• d 0 = Outside diameter of tube, inches
The user should ensure that the reference cross flow velocity V, at every location, is
less than V c for that location.
VIBRATION AMPLITUDE ( Formulas are mentioned in Standard)
3. TURBULENT BUFFETING AMPLITUDE

Maximum amplitude of vibration for single phase fluids, inches
4. VORTEX SHEDDING AMPLITUDE

Peak amplitude of vibration at midspan for the first mode, for single phase fluids.
5. RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE .
6. ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
7. ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY OF SHELL
8. VORTEX SHEDDING FREQUENCY
9. TURBULENT BUFFETING FREQUENCY
10. ACOUSTIC RESONANCE
11. STROUHAL NUMBER FOR 30 0 ,45 0 60 90 TUBE PATTERNS (Chart )

• DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. TUBE DIAMETER
Use of the largest reasonable tube diameter consistent with practical thermal and hydraulic design
economics is desirable. Larger diameters increase the moment of inertia, thereby effectively increasing the
stiffness of the tube for a given length.
2. UNSUPPORTED TUBE SPAN

The unsupported tube span is the most significant factor affecting induced vibrations. The shorter the tube
span, the greater its resistance to vibration.
3. ENTRANCE/EXIT AREAS
Entrance and exit areas are generally recognized to be particularly susceptible to damage in vibration
prone exchangers .Consideration may be given to the use of partial supports to reduce unsupported tube
spans in the entrance/exit regions.
4. U-BEND REGIONS
Possibility of U-bends to damaging vibration may be reduced by optimum location of adjacent baffles in the
straight tube legs and/or use of a special bend support device.
5. TUBING MATERIAL AND THICKNESS

Tube metallurgy and wall thickness also affect the damping characteristic of the tube.
6. BAFFLE THICKNESS AND TUBE HOLE SIZE
Increasing the baffle thickness and reducing the tube-to-baffle hole clearance increases the system
damping
7. OMISSION OF TUBES
Omission of tubes at predetermined critical locations within the bundle may be employed to reduce
vibration potential. For instance, tubes located on baffle cut lines sometimes experience excessive damage
in vibration prone units; therefore, selective removal of tubes along baffle cut lines may be advantageous.
8. TUBE AXIAL LOADING

The heat exchanger designer must recognize the potential adverse impact on vibration by compressive
axial loading of tubes due to pressure and/or temperature conditions. The use of an expansion joint in such
cases may result in reduction of the tube compressive stress
9. TUBE PITCH
Larger pitch-to-tube diameter ratios provide increased ligament areas which result in a reduced crossflow
velocity for a given unsupported tube span, or a reduced unsupported tube span for a given crossflow
velocity. The increased tube to tube spacing reduces the likelihood of mid-span collision damage
SECTION7
THERMAL RELATION
SECTION 7: THERMAL RELATIONS
BASIC HEAT TRANSFER RELATION

A =Qo/ U xΔtm
where
• A =Required effective outside heat transfer surface, ft2
• Q Total heat to be transferred, BTU/hr
• U Overall heat transfer coefficient, referred to tube outside surface BTU /hr ft2 0 F
• Δ t m = Corrected mean temperature difference, 0 F
DETERMINATION OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
U= 1/[(1/ho + ro)(1/Ef+ rw+ ri(Ao/Ai)+ 1/hi(Ao/Ai))
• U = Overall heat transfer coefficient (fouled)

• ho= Film coefficient of shell side fluid
• hi = Film coefficient of tube side fluid
• ro = Fouling resistance on outside surface of tubes
• ri = Fouling resistance on inside surface of tubes
• rw = Resistance of tube wall referred to outside surface of tube wall, including extended
surface if Present.
• Ao/Ai=Ratio of outside to inside surface of tubing
• E f = Fin efficiency (where applicable)
• The units of U , h 0 and hi are BTU jhr ft2 0 F and the units of r 0 , r i and r ware hr ft2 0
F jBTU
• TUBE WALL RESISTANCE of BARE TUBES

rw=d/24k [ln (d/d-2t)]
• TUBE WALL RESISTANCE INTEGRALLY FINNED TUBES
rw = t/12k [d+2Nw(d+w)]/(d-t)
where
• d = 0D of bare tube or root diameter if integrally finned, inches
• w = Fin height, inches
• t = Tube wall thickness, inches
• N = Number of fins per inch
• k = Thermal conductivity, BTU/hr ft 0 F
TYPES OF FOULING
1. Precipitation fouling
2. Particulate fouling
3. Chemical reaction fouling
4. Corrosion fouling
5. Biological fouling
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Typical physical factors influencing the determination of fouling resistances are:
• Fluid properties and the propensity for fouling
• Heat exchanger geometry and orientation
• Surface and fluid bulk temperatures
• Local fluid velocities
• Heat transfer process
• Fluid treatment
• Cathodic protection
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
• Typical economic factors influencing the determination of appropriate fouling resistances are:
• Frequency and amount of cleaning costs
• Maintenance costs
• Operating and production costs
• Longer periods of time on stream
• Fluid pumping costs
• Depreciation rates
• Tax rates
• Initial cost and variation with size
• Shut down costs
• Out-of-service costs
FLUID TEMPERATURE RELATIONS

LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
• For cases of true countercurrent or cocurrent flow, the logarithmic mean
temperature difference should be used if the following conditions substantially
apply:
1. Constant overall heat transfer coefficient

2. Complete mixing within any shell cross pass or tube pass
3. The number of cross baffles is large
4. Constant flow rate and specific heat
5. Enthalpy is a linear function of temperature
6. Equal surface in each shell pass or tube pass
7. Negligible heat loss to surroundings or internally between passes
• CORRECTION FOR MULTIPASS FLOW

• In multipass heat exchangers, where there is a combination of cocurrent and
countercurrent flow in alternate passes, the mean temperature difference is less than the
logarithmic mean calculated for countercurrent flow and greater than that based on
cocurrent flow. The correct mean temperature difference may be evaluated as the product
of the logarithmic mean for countercurrent flow and an
• LMTD correction factor, F.
• TEMPERATURE EFFECTIVENESS
• The temperature effectiveness of a heat exchanger is customarily defined as the ratio of
the temperature change of the tube side stream to the difference between the two fluid
inlet temperatures, thus:
• p= (t 2 -t l ) / (TI-t l )
• where P is the effectiveness
• SHELL MEAN METAL TEMPERATURE

• TUBE MEAN METAL TEMPERATURE
• TUBESHEET MEAN METAL TEMPERATURE
• ESTIMATION OF SHELL AND TUBE FLUID AVERAGE TEMPERATURES
• The differential thermal growth between the shell and tubes is determined as follows:
• where
• Δ L = L t (a s [T M - 70] - aT [t M - 70])
• Δ L = Differential thermal growth between the shell and tubes, inches
• L t = Tube length, face-to-face of tubesheets, inches
• as = Coefficient of thermal expansion of the shell, inches/inch/oF (see Table 0-11)
• aT = Coefficient of thermal expansion of the tubes, inches/inch/oF (see Table 0-11)
• t M = Tube mean metal temperature, 0 F
• TM = Shell mean metal temperature, 0 F
SECTION 8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
SECTION 8: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1. VISCOSITY
2. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
3. HEAT CONTENT
4. SPECIFIC HEAT GASES
5. SPECIFIC HEAT DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
6. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
7. HEAT CAPACITY RATIOS (C p / C v)
SECTION 9
GENERAL INFORMATION
SECTION 9 :GENERAL INFORMATION
• Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipe ........................................................... ..
• Dimensions of Welded Fittings .............................................................................. ..
• Dimensions of ASME Standard Flanges ................................................................. .
• Bolting Data - Recommended Minimum ................................................................ .
• Metric Bolting Data - Recommended Minimum .................................................... ..
• Pressure - Temperature Ratings for Valves, Fittings and Flanges ........................ ..
• Characteristics of Tubing ........................................................................................ .
• Characteristics of Tubing (Metric) .......................................................................... ..
• Hardness Conversion Table.....................................................................................
• Internal Working Pressures of Tubes At Various Values of Allowable Stress.......
• Modulus of Elasticity.................................................................................................
• Modulus of Elasticity (Metric) ...................................................................................
• Mean Coefficients of Thermal Expansion................................................................
• Mean Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (Metric).... ...... ........................................
• Thermal Conductivity of Metals... ........ .................. ........ ............... ........ ..... ......
• Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Metric) ..... .......... ........................ ..... ....... ... ..... .......
• Weights of Circular Rings and Discs ....................................................................... .
• Chord Lengths and Areas of Circular Segments ................................................... ..
• Conversion Factors ................................................................................................. .
• Conversion Tables for Wire and Sheet Metal Gages ............................................. .
SECTION 10
RECOMMENDED GOOD PRACTICE

SECTION 10: RECOMMENDED GOOD PRACTICE
1. CALCLATING LOADS AT SADDLE AND SUPPORTS

2. EARTHQUAKE FORCES
3. WIND LOADS
4. THERMAL EXPANSION LOADS
5. STRESSES
6. LONGITUDINAL STRESS AT MID SPAN (S1)
7. TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS IN PLANE OF SADDLE (S2)
8. LONGITUDINAL STRESS AT THE SADDLE WITHOUT STIFFENERS
9. CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS AT HORN OF SADDLES UNSTIFFENED (S3)
10. DESIGN OF SADDLE PARTS
11. VERTICAL VESSEL SUPPORTS
12. LUG THICKNESS OF LIFTING LUG IS CALCULATED BY USING THE GREATER OF
SHEAR OR BENDING FROCE
13. FOULING
14. NOZZLES LOADING
15. TUBE WALL REDUCTION
16. END FLANGES AND BOLTING
17. SHELL OR BUNDLE ENTRANCE AND EXIT AREAS
SECTION 10 RECOMMENDED GOOD PRACTICE
Design Code of Heat Exchanger (1)

International Design Code
 ASME Section VIII
(The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
 TEMA
(Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer Association)
 API
(American Petroleum Institute)
 Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
⇒ TEMA, API 660 (ISO 16812)
Thank You!

Overview of TEMA Standard: Presented By: SAK SR Project Engineer Engineering Department

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Overview of TEMA Standard

Presented By: SAK

Exchanger Types (TEMA) based on the end characteristic of the tubes

•Fixed Tubesheet Type } (Non Removable Bundle)

•Floating Head Type

Fixed Tubesheet Type

Fixed Tubesheet Type

Floating Head Type

Nomenclature of Component (TEMA)

TEMA AES and BEM type

TEMA AEP and CFU type

TEMA type AKT and AJW type

Tierod & Spacer

Assembled Heat Exchanger

Tube to Tubesheet Joint

Tube to Tubesheet Joint

Tube to Tubesheet Joint

GENERAL FABRICATION AND

2. BAFFLE AND SUPPORT PLATE TUBE HOLE CLEARANCE

4. DOUBLE TUBE SHEET CONSTRUCTION

5. EFFECTIVE SHELL AND TUBE SIDE DESIGN PRESSURES

6. EQUIVALENT BOLTING PRESSURE

8. EXPANDED TUBE JOINT

9. EXPANSION JOINT "J" FACTOR

10. FLANGE LOAD CONCENTRATION FACTORS

11. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM BAFFLE AND SUPPORT SPACING'S

13. PULSATING FLUID CONDITIONS

14. SEISMIC LOADINGS

15. SHELL AND TUBE MEAN METAL TEMPERATURES

16. SHUT-DOWN CONDITIONS

6- PREPARATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR SHIPMENT

4. WIND & SEISMIC DESIGN

(1) Excessive fouling.

2. INSTALLATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. HEAT EXCHANGER SETTINGS

3. FITTINGS AND PIPING

3. OPERATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

4. MAINTENANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. INSPECTION OF UNIT: At regular intervals and as frequently as experience indicates, an

2. TUBE BUNDLE REMOVAL AND HANDLING

3. CLEANING TUBE BUNDLES

• TEMA R: Unfired shell and tube heat exchangers for the

Straight Tube, Fixed Tubesheet (eg. Type BEM, AEM, NEN)

STANDARD TEST/ HYDROSTATIC TEST

SUPPLEMENTARY AIR TEST

RCB-1.51 CARBON STEEL PARTS

RCB-1.6 SERVICE LIMITATIONS

RB-1.61 CAST IRON PARTS

Effect of small and large baffle cuts

Types of Segmental Baffles

No Tube in Window (NTIW)

• TRANSVERSE BAFFLE AND SUPPORT CLEARANCE

• TRANSVERSE BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES

FIXED TUBESHEET OR FLOATING TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS ---------------------------------- formulas in standard

• MINIMUM TUBESHEET THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS

• TUBE HOLE DIAMETERS AND TOLERANCES

FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION

VIBRATION DAMAGE PATTERNS

• fn= 10.838-AC/ L 2 [EI/Wo] ½ or f n= 68.06Cu/r 2 [EI/Wo] ½

• A =Tube axial stress multiplier. See Paragraph V-6

ESTIMATE OF CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY

3. TURBULENT BUFFETING AMPLITUDE

4. VORTEX SHEDDING AMPLITUDE