UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
INTERNSHIP REPORT PRESENTATION ON
TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION OF RADIO WAVES
Offered by

Presented By
NESTOR ABIANGANG ABIAWUH
FE15A151

Supervisor: Mr. Serge Nouadjeb March 2019

 OVERVIEW OF COMPANY

 My internship was carried out in CRTV Buea which is the regional branch station of the south
west region.
 CRTV is a public establishment with an industrial and commercial nature endowed with legal
personality and financial autonomy.
 It main goal is to put the audiovisual services to the Cameroonian boarders that is creating
awareness through broadcasting of events through the use of radio, television and
internet(internet radio).
 I participated in the technical department of CRTV Buea where I was able to work on the
various divisions(technical console, transmitter and power) which all play a major role in
performing my task(Transmission and reception of radio waves).
 Emphasis was laid on the transmitter division where most of the data needed to carry out my
task was obtained.
 TASK OBJECTIVES

The main objective of my task(transmission and reception of radio

waves) is to ensure that the message(information) to be transmitted is
done efficiently with minimum loss and also received effectively by the
receivers under the coverage of the waves.
By so doing, more concentration was given to the transmission division
where most of my data was obtain for use in my calculations for a better
realization of my task.
Below is a break down of the methodology of how I carried out my task
 METHODOLOGY

GENERATION OF AUDIO FREQUENCY

1 SIGNALS.

MODULATION OF THESE SIGNALS WITH A

2 CARRIER

TRANSMISSION AND
TRANSMISSION OF THE WAVES THROUGH
RECEPTION OF RADIO 3 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

WAVES
TRANSMISSION OVER THE AIR INTERFACE
4

RECEPTION OF THE WAVES BY A RECEIVER

5
 1 GENERATION OF AUDIO FREQUENCY SIGNALS

2 The generation of Audio Frequency signals begins in the studio where a

presenter either “on air” speaks through a microphone(condenser type) which
acts as a transducer to convert the acoustic voice signals to electrical audio
frequency signals where they are being conveyed to the console(mixing console)
through telephone cables with a high signal to noise ratio.
3
At the console, the following are being done on the audio signals to increase the
quality of the signals before modulation with a carrier wave for transmission;
 Pre-amplification of these signals
Mixing of these signals
4 Filtering to provide good quality signals
Equalization of these signals
Cueing of these signals
5
Metering of the signals.
 1 GENERATION OF AUDIO FREQUENCY SIGNALS

5 Connection of the console to the studio microphones

 2 MODULATION OF THESE SIGNALS WITH
A CARRIER

 After the signals leave the console, they are transmitted through low grade microphone cables
characterized by a high signal to noise ratio to overcome the effect of noise as they are been
3
transmitted to the transmitters.
 In the transmitter room, they are connected to the transmitters( 94.5MHz and 107.3MHz
transmitters) where modulation actually takes place.
 The transmitters typically three main sections which are;
 The Exciter section which consist of the carrier oscillator to generate sine waves during modulation,
4 reactance modulator which actually change the carrier oscillator frequency by applying the message
signals(audio frequency signals) and the buffer amplifier which helps to stabilize the oscillator
frequency.
Modulation of the A.F signals with the carrier waves is done by frequency modulation where the carrier
waves are varied with respect to the frequency of the audio frequency signals.
5  Frequency multiplier section where the final modulated is multiplied to the desired tuned value of
operation of the transmitter(that is 94.5MHz and 107.3MHz for thwe case of the transmitters used
by CRTV Buea).
 Power output section to power the modulated waves to the antennas to be modulated over the air.
It also contains the impedance matching network between the transmitter and the transmission
1 line.
 2 MODULATION OF THESE SIGNALS WITH
A CARRIER

4 Modulation of A.F signals using frequency modulation technique

5
Power amplifier
component
Exciter component

1
94.5 and 107.5 transmitters
3 3 TRANSMISSION OF THE WAVES THROUGH TRANSMISSION
MEDIA

After the waves have been modulated and powered to a level for
4 propagation, they are conveyed through a 75ohms coaxial transmission
lines originating from the back of both transmitters to the antennas
mounted on the tower outside of the transmitter room.

2
4 4 TRANSMISSION OVER THE AIR INTERFACE

 The waves are then passed through their final physical medium on the transmission side which are the
antennas mounted on a 40meters tower to enhance the travel of the waves through the atmosphere.
5 The coaxial cables leaving the transmitters each terminate to an antenna.
 The 94.5MHz transmitter propagates its waves through the dipole antenna mounted at approximately
39metters from the ground on the tower and the 107.3MHz transmitter is connected to a yagi antenna
mounted below the dipole antenna on the tower.
 Both antennas has 50ohms impedance each
1

3
5 5 RECEPTION OF THE WAVES BY A RECEIVER