A.

Early Settlement Pattern

 Pre-colonial housing communities was relatively scattered small
native settlements.
 Starting the colonial period housing was transformed into highly
centralized network of cities, towns, and barrages, according to the
ecclesiastical and secular requirements of the colonizers.
 By the second half of the 19th century settlement outside Manila
provided greater opportunities due to the following developments in
our country:
a. Opening of new ports in Iloilo, Cebu, Sulo and Zamboanga.
b. Opening of the Manila-Dagupan Railroad.
c. Repair and construction of roads and bridges.
d. Relative political stability that ensued after the Philippine
Revolution and the Philippine-American War.
 By the first decade of 20th century, Manila already was the
established dominant urban centre.
 By 1939, Manila’s population had risen to 994,000 comprising 6.3
percent of the total population.
Early Filipino dwellers
Start of the trading system during
Philippine pre-colonial era
Port of Manila during Spanish Period
Iloilo port during the 19th century
Port of Cebu in the 19th century
Port of Sulo in the 19th century
Port of Zamboanga in the 19th century
Metro Manila during Spanish Period
Manila-Dagupan Railroad in the 19th
century
 B. Economic and Urban Growth
 Philippines predominantly agricultural economy was transformed
into newly industrialized status.
 Main economic programs emphasized agro-industrial
development, traditional crop exports, and manufacturing.
 Year 1950
 Philippines economy ranked second to Japan.
 Has the highest level of urbanization (27.5 percent) in South-East
Asia.
 Year 1951 to 1960’s
 Urbanization rate slowed down.
 Decline in the industrial and service sectors led to weak economic
growth.
 Expansion of agricultural land / cultivated land.
 Year 1970’s
 Urbanization accelerated when significant infrastructure
investments and a shift in exports from traditional agricultural and
natural resource commodities to non-traditional products, e.g.,
garments, electronics, footwear, furniture and fixture led to a robust
economic performance.
 1980’s
 Urbanization continued despite a stagnant economy.
 There is a strong rural-urban migration triggered by relative
deprivation in the countryside.
 The pace of urbanization also paralleled poverty levels.
 1990’s
 Level of urbanization dropped to the lowest level (2.35 percent
annual growth rate) since the second world war.
C. Existing Functional Roles
 MERO MANILA OR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
 1948 - 1960
 Population movement were dominated by migration flows
towards Mindanao.
 1975 – 1989
 Primary destination for migration was the National Capital
Region.
 Decline of rural-rural migration while urban-urban and rural-
urban migration remained strong.
 1990
 Metro-Manila’s population density is about 60 times the average
density of the country.
 With an official population of almost 8 million.
 It is the largest source of employment in the country.
 REGIONAL CENTERS
 Largest among this centres are Metro-Cebu and Davao City.
 It is distinguished from the rest of country’s other cities by
their much larger population, more varied market services,
and the presence of international airport.
 Other cities that serve as regional administrative, market and
educational centres are Baguio, Dagupan, Angeles, San
Fernando, Tuguegarao, Naga, Legazpi, Bacolod, Iloilo,
Tacloban, Zamboanga, Cagayan de Oro, Cotabato, Butuan
and General Santos.
 PROVINCIAL AND OTHER URBAN CENTERS
 They are made up of provincial market and other sub-regional
centres.
 Some of this settlements may have larger populations than
the Regional Centres but the services they provide are
functionally limited and/ or in smaller scale.
 D. Land Resources and Requirements
Total land area of the Philippines is 300,000 square
kilometers.
Luzon with an area of 141,000 square kilometers,
Mindanao with 102,000, an the Visayas with 57,000.
Land is classified legally into (a) forest lands – 145,000
square kilometers and (b) alienable and disposable
lands a total of 155,000 square kilometers.
About 3,520 square kilometers are currently utilized for
urban purposes.
With an urban population of 29.6 million, theres a need
of 11.9 hectares per 1,000 population.
Maintaining this density and using the projected urban
population of 36.2 million for the year 2000, an additional
78,540 hectares of urban land will be needed to
accommodate an urban population increment of 6.6 million.
78,540 hectares of needed urban land will have to be
converted from agricultural land.
The problem is agricultural land will decline and urban
expansion must be prohibited – both options are unlikely.
The solution involves a combination of actions, including
the use of more efficient and productive agricultural
activities that require less land per unit yield, and managing
the levels and distribution of demand.
This conflict illustrates the importance of making more
efficient use of urban land in order to reduce the demand
for urban land expansion.
E. Settlement Policies
Ministry on Human Settlements
Accept and approve 1. studies on land uses and
settlement patterns and 2. zoning plans for most cities and
municipalities.
Human Settlements Regulatory Commission
Now the HLURB ( Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board ). A regulatory arm of Ministry on
Human Settlements.
URBAN LOAN PACKAGES I – IV
 A priority given by the World Bank to sites and services
improvement that started in 1980.
 Urban I – Tondo Manila was the was its project area since its has
the biggest slum colony ( 137 hectares occupied by 27,000 families
) in the country.
  Urban II- The Dagat-Dagatan Project covered .90 hectares of
sites and services improvement in the city of Caloocan and
municipalities of Navotas and Malabaon.
 Urban III – Continuation of upgrading activities in Metro Manila
following the popular “ Integrated Development Approach “
which includes :
o Urban BLISS Programs

o Infrastructure and utility improvement

o Livelihood and technical assistance projects

 Urban IV- Also known as Regional Cities Development

Project. It focused on infrastructure improvement on four
regional cities – Davao City, Cagayan de Oro, Bacolod and
Iloilo.
Significant developments affecting settlement patterns
in 1970s and early 1980s was the establishment of
regional offices of the national government. It
encourages growth of urban development outside
Minila.
National Urban Development and Housing
Framework ( NUDHF )
 A document crafted by HUDCC closest to an official urban
policy. The framework contains the following goals and
objectives, policies, and strategies.
o Goals and Objectives:
 Increase national integration and cohesion through well-defined
and focused policies and strategies for urban development.
 Defined roles of urban areas/cities in national development to
attain rational spatial and economic growth.
 Guided rural-urban migration to attain proper spatial
arrangements of people and their activities.
 Improved government efficiency and capability to manage urban
development.
 Institutionalized participation of concerned sectors ( provate
sector, non-government organizations/people’s organizations
community ) in urban development.
 Improved access and availability of land for urban uses
particularly for the housing needs of the urban poor and other
marginalized group.
  Adequate, equitable, and efficient provision of urban
services.
 Protection of the natural environment and community
conservation.
 The pursuit of urban development shall proceed fro well-
defined national development policy that stipulates the
general direction for the country’s progress.
 The development of urban areas and cities shall be
undertaken pursuant to their roles in national development
as defined in a national urban hierarchy system.
o Policies:
 Policy of Dispersed Urban Development shall be pursued
to slow down the concentration of population in large cities
by means of population movements towards emerging and
urbanizable areas.
 Population can be controlled through smaller family size and
compact development patterns.
  Greenbelt Zones shall be designated around major/ large urban
areas to control their growth and disperse additional urban
growth to other middle-sized urban areas.
 Investments in congested urban areas shall be aimed only at
improving the quality of urban life and not at encouraging
expansion.
 Improvement of local governments capacity and capability to
efficiently and effectively implement urban development through
training and the development of simplified systems and
procedures.
o Development Strategy
 At the national level, strategy of encouraging growth of urban
centers outside Metro Manila and at the same time managing
its growth and the surrounding regions to enhance its global
competitiveness has been recognized.
F. Housing and Urban Development
Planning and Policy-Making Bodies
National Economic and Development Authority (
NEDA )
 Serves as the economic planning agency of the
government.
 It is responsible for formulating and coordinating fully
integrated social and economic policies, plans, and
programs, programming of official development assistance,
and monitoring and evaluation of plan implementation.
 Every five (5) years, it formulates Medium-Term Philippine
Development Plan (MTPDP), the development blueprint of
the country which summarizes all development goals,
objectives, strategies, policies and programs by sectors.
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating
Council ( HUDCC )
 Overall policy-making and coordinating body on housing and
urban development.
 It was created in 1986, to replace and delimit the functions of
the Ministry of Human Settlements.
 Tasked to coordinate and monitor the activities of housing
agencies and formulate policies and guidelines to ensure the
accomplishment of the National Shelter Program.
 It has key housing agencies namely:
o National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC)
Provides mortgage financing for housing
o National Housing Authority (NHA)
Produces housing units for the lowest 30 percent of the
population, develops home lots, and provides security of tenure.
 o Home Insurance Guarantee Corporation (HIGC)
Provides a system of guaranty, loan insurance, and other incentives
to funders and lenders engaged in housing.
o Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)
Performs regulatory functions on housing and land development.
o Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF)
A financial institution established to generate and manage the
provident housing fund.

 National Land Use Committee ( NLUC )

 It was commissioned to prepare and periodically revise the
National Physical Framework Plan (NPFP)
 It has four major components which are 1.production land use
2.protection land use 3.settlements and 4.infrastructure
 At the regional level, the Regional Land Use Committee (
RLUC ) has been organized to formulate a physical framework
plan and coordinate physical planning.
 Local Governments
 At the local level, the Local Government Code of 1991 vests most of
the authority and the responsibility for formulating and implementing
local development plans – including land use, zoning and investment
plans - to local government units.

 Sectoral Agencies
 Among the most important are those dealing with tariffs and trade, the
location of industry and tourists estates, environmental policies and
programs, land reform, taxation, and government policies on
privatization and market interventions. It has implicit but significant
impact on settlement in the Philippines.
 Sectoral Master Plans:
o Tourism Master Plan
o Forestry Master Plan
o Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
o Public Works Infrastructure Plans
o CALABARZON Master Plan
o North-western Quadrangle Development Plan
o Cagayan de Oro – Iligan Corridor Development Plans
Private Sector
 This includes corporate entities, non-government
organizations, people’s organizations, business groups,
civic organizations and other interest groups.
 The operation and acceleration of build-operate-
transfer ( BOT ) for major development projects,
provides opportunities for independent private sector
undertaking usually favor the bigger urban centers.
 While the national to local planning cycle has been
institutionalized, the capability to translate these plans
into legislative agenda and concrete programs, projects
and actions to be taken has to be strengthened.
A. POVERTY, EMPLOYMENT AND
PRODUCTIVITY
 Urban Poverty
 The country’s urban poor population is about 14
million that comprises over half ( or 55 percent ) of the
total urban population and less than a fourth ( or 23
percent ) of the total Philippine population.
 The highest rates of urban poverty incidence ( over 60
percent ) are in the Eastern Visayas Region ( Region
VIII ), or Samar and Leyte provinces.
 Of the total urban poor population, more than half or
7.9 million live in the major urban centers (i.e., 64
cities and 76 provincial capitals.
 About 3 million of the total urban poor population are
found in 618 slums or blighted areas.
Issues regarding poverty.
 Lack of education and / or employable skills
 No access to formal credit facilities
 Population momentum, doubling time and housing
requirements.
 Unaffordable housing costs with high housing
requirements.
 Lack of access to adequate health services.
B. INFRASTRUCTURE
 It is a key to development since it provides physical
facilities, both for production and distribution, and allows
social interaction and economic transaction.
 Inadequate infrastructure contributed to:
 delayed delivery of goods and services
 wastage of capacities and resources
 unnecessary increase in production and other operating
costs
 unused production potentials
 compromises safety
 environmental degradation
 Infrastructure requirements of Metro Manila and other
cities will be much greater than ever, for they have to
serve the transportation, communication, power,
water, sewerage, drainage, and other utility
requirements of a larger proportion of the additional
population.
The amount of new urban areas needed to be
developed and serviced in order to accommodate
the projected additional urban population is roughly
equivalent to 2,000 hectares per year.
Issues regarding infrastructure
 The lack of resources to fund infrastructure projects
 Conflicts among government infrastructure plans
 Regional prioritization
 Lack of monitoring and planning inputs
 Monopoly and oligopoly infrastructure sectors
 Shipping company
 Airline company
 Power and water supply company
 Telecommunication company
 Multi-media Company
C. ENVIRONMENT
Economic and urban growth can threaten the health
and productivity of the entire organization.
It includes urban pollution such as industrial wastes,
vehicular emissions and inadequate water,
sewerage, drainage and solid wastes services.
Problems in environment that need to be addressed:
 Water quality and quantity
Population growth and increasing industrialization translate
into increased water demand.
 Inland Waters – The Philippines has over 421 rivers, 58
natural lakes, and more than 100,000 hectares of fresh
water swamps. Sewage, sediments, pesticides, heavy
metals, and toxic chemicals are threatening this resources.
Laguna Bay showcases the deteriorating conditions of the
country’s lakes. It has become hyper-eutrophic with high
levels of nutrients that regularly trigger algal blooms.
 Coastal Waters – Has already deteriorated due to sewage
and industrial effluent, oil from shipping operations,
agricultural runoff and mining activities.
 Ground Waters – Over extraction has resulted in ground
waters going down by about 100 meters. In coastal areas,
this has resulted in the salinization of aquifers and sinking of
low-lying areas.