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Definitions
• INNOVATION
• A new method, idea, product, and process.

• SOCIAL ISSUES
• Issue that influences and is opposed by a considerable number of
individuals within a society
• It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an
individual's control and local geographical environment.
 • intellectual property rights
Ethic Issues • electronic monitoring of employees
• morality in information systems usage

• assimilation of emerging technologies,

• developing trust
Culture Issues • policy implementation
• social environments

Human
• recruitment and retainment of technical personnel
Interaction • motivation
Issues
 • development partnerships
• virtual teams
Relationship • group cohesiveness
• collaboration
Issues • networking
• buyer-supplier linkages

• misuse of data,
• virus/worm creation
Security • Intranet abuse
• data protection
Issues • fraud with systems use
• standards and regulations
Security Issue
Credit Card fraud
In years 1998, there a report that credit card fraud was happen in
Malaysia. The case was discovered in one of the shopping malls
in Malaysia. Subsequently, further credit card fraud cases have
been reported. In April 2000, an estimated sum of RM 500, 000
was siphoned off from Ban Hin Lee Bank in Penang by
technology-aware fraudsters using automated teller machines
(ATMs) (M’sian online mall find..,1998; Pillai, 2000b). As a result,
the confidence in online retailing dropped. After this incident,
retailers were advised to take the initiative in calling the online
shoppers particularly when large amounts of money were
involved. The transaction will be cancelled immediately if the
online store fails to get the confirmation (Cnet.com, 1998).
Security Issue
Data Protections
It is estimated by Extol (a technology and solution provider in IT
Security, Ecommerce and Telecommunication) that no more than
10% of corporations in Malaysia have developed a
comprehensive security policy or any effective action to protect
their information. For Web sites with insufficient protection, a
customer’s credit card information might be easily exposed and
intruders need little effort to steal confidential information stored
in the Web servers. On average, hackers on a monthly basis
deface about 30 Web sites in Malaysia. More serious breaches of
cyber security on the local front are rarely publicized.
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Culture
• Definition

• The sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs that

distinguishes one group of people from another.
Type of Culture
Corporate Culture

• Culture at work can be shown in a variety of ways

including how people dress, how the offices are
designed, how the employees are treated and the way
the company interjects its culture into its products
services and how it projects itself to its customers.

• An office might be casual or formal in design.

Type of Culture
Culture of Diversity

• You may live in a town that is very accepting of people of

different races, genders, sexual orientations and national
origins.

• The community calendar may be filled with festivals and

events that include community members from different races
and national origins.
Principle of Ethics
Western Approach: Separation of power

• To seek Equality

• Rule of law, where (in most cases) they are applied across the
board irrespective of a persons social position.

• Current Western thinking views personal morality as separate

from public ethics.
Principle of Ethics
Eastern Approach: Concentration of power

• Ethics and principles in the East are based on group interests

within the context of a strong hierarchy of moral and religious
practices.

• What is important is that they practice the majority religion

(or belief) of the group and reflect these values in their lives.
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Evolution
Impact Digital Generation in
Malaysia
• Increasing digital economic contribution for the nation.

• Capitalizing knowledge to increase productivity.

• Taking Malaysian living standards a notch higher.

Key Drivers of the Digital
World
• Social or social media

• Mobility

• Cloud or cloud computing

• Big data analytics

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Professional Ethics
Definition

• Relationships with and responsibilities towards customers,

clients, co-workers, employees, employers, people who use
one’s products and services, and others whom one’s products
affect
• The most fundamental ethical value is honesty
Responsibilities
• Customer rely on the knowledge, expertise, honesty
professional

• Up to date on current knowledge, technology and standards

• Thinking about potential risk and taking action to diminish

that are too high

• Knowing or learning enough about the application field

Professional Code of ethics
• Provide a general statement of ethical values

• Remind people that ethical behaviour is an essential part of

their job

• Provide reminders about specific professional responsibilities

Methods: Publications, conferences, industry standard,

certification and training
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 Guidelines and Professional Responsibilities

• Understand what success means

 Developers and institutional users of computer systems must
view the system’s role and responsibility in wide enough context

• Include users (such as medical staff, technicians, pilots,

office workers) in the design and testing stages to
provide safe and useful systems

• Do a thorough, careful job when planning and

scheduling a project and when writing bids or contracts
 It includes how to allocate sufficient time and budget for
testing and other crucial steps in development phase.

• Design for real users

 System designers and programmer are responsible to provide
clear user interface. Include checking of input appropriately
 Con’t
• Don’t assume existing software is safe or correct;
review and test it
 If you use software from different application, verify its
suitability for current project. It is important to avoid failure

• Be open and honest about capabilities, safety, and

limitations of software
 Include responsibility for damaging or injuring others.
 Important for expert system (decision system)

• Require a convincing case for safety

 One of most difficult ethical problem in safety – critical
application is to decide how must risk is acceptable

• Pay attention to defaults

 People may seem it as not important
 Default settings determined many aspects such as protection,
compatibility and conflict.

• Develop communication skills

 Skills that required to catch customer’s attention about the
product
END