Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Retty Ratnawati
Lab. Fisiologi, FKUB
PERCEPTION
MODULATION
TRANSMISSION
TRANSDUCTION
FUNGSI SISTIM
INTEGUMEN
1. Lapis pertahanan pertama pada sistim imun
2. Regulasi suhu tubuh
3. Mencegah dan melindungi dari dehidrasi dan
infeksi
4. Memberikan respon terhadap rangsangan: suhu,
raba, tekanan dan rasa nyeri.
5. Ekskresi air, garam, urea (sampah metabolisme
nitrogen)
6. Synthesis Vitamin D3 (esensial untuk absorpsi
Calsium & Phosphor)
ANATOMY INTEGUMEN
Skin = Cutis = Integument (Integere ~ to cover)
Surface area: 1.5 ~ 2.0 m2 The largest organ
Its appearance & thickness are vary:
The skin of the soles of the feet: 8 mm (thickest)
The skin of the eyelids : 1 mm (thinnest)
D. Stratum Granulosum
1. Cells from lower layers begin to die here
2. Contain granules with keratohyalin
3. Keratohyalin is precursor to eleidin and keratin
E. Stratum Spinosum
1. 8-10 rows of polyhedral shaped cells
2. Contain spine-like projections ("spinosum")
F. Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum) (germination)
1. Deepest layer of the epidermis
2. Single layer of cuboidal-columnar shaped cells
3. Origin of all cells of epidermis through mitosis
4. Origin of cells for sweat-oil glands and hair
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ANATOMY OF SKIN (CONT’D)
The dermis is subdivided into 2 layers:
1. The Papillary dermis
2. The Reticular dermis
– The papillary dermis contains:
Blood vessels
Nerve endings
Thermo-receptors
Cryo-receptors
ANATOMY OF SKIN (CONT’D)
The reticular dermis:
Connective tissue (fibroblast surrounded by a
matrix): collagen, elastin, & proteoglycans
Provide the structural support for the skin.
Dermis
Artery
Veins
Venous
plexus
Subcutane
Artery
ous tissue
Arteriovenous
anastomosis
Radiation:
Los of heat in the form of infrared heat rays
60 %
Conduction:
Loss of heat by direct conduction from surface of the
body to solid objects
3%
Convection:
Loss of heat by convection air currents
15 %
Evaporation:
Loss of heat by water evaporation (22 %)
Evaporation of sweat
Insensible from the skin & lung
Effect of changes in the environmental temperature on heat conductance
from the body core to the skin surface
Vasodilatation
8
7
(times the vasoconstricted rate)
Heat conductance through skin
Vasoconstriction
1
0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Environmental temperature oF
EVAPORATION BY THE SKIN
0.58 Calorie / gram of water that
evaporated (sweat & insensible
evaporation)
Sweating:
Sweat gland innervated by cholinergic
sympathetic nerve fibers
Can also be stimulated by Epinephrine or
Nor-epinephrine
Sensory Receptor in The Skin
TACTILE SENSATION
There are three principal differences among
TACTILE sensations:
Touch sensation: Generally results from
stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or in
the tissues immediately beneath the skin.
Pressure sensation: Generally results from
deformation of deeper tissues.
Vibration sensation: Results from rapidly
repetitive sensory signals.
SIX TYPE OF TACTILE RECEPTORS
30 0C – 49 0C:
warmth receptors become stimulated
Arround 45 0C:
The heat-pain begin to be stimulated + paradoxically
some of the cold fiber begin to stimulated
Discharge frequencies at different skin temperatures
10
Impulse per second
8
Cold receptor
Cold-
pain
6
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Temperature (0C)
SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D3
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin.
Ultraviolet rays from the sun
Liver
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
Kidney
1,25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
SPECIALIZED CELLS IN THE EPIDERMIS
Melanocytes
Produce pigment Melanin
Responsible for skin color
Keratinocytes
Produce keratin
Generating hair and nails
Secrete IL-1 influence T cells maturation.
Langerhans & Granstein cells
Langerhans: APC to T helper cells
Granstein: APC to T suppressor cells
Langerhans cells are more susceptible to damage by
ultraviolet than Granstein
SPECIALIZED CELLS IN THE SUBCUTAN
Immune function
CONTOH KERUSAKAN KULIT
DERMAL WOUND HEALING
The three principal mechanism of wound healing:
1. Contraction
2. Epithelialization
3. Connective tissue deposition
Types of wound (according to therapeutic
intervention):
1. Primary intention
• To be closed shortly after injury
2. Delayed primary intention
• Are left open for 1 to 2 days and then surgically
closed heal
3. Secondary intention
• It edges remain open heal
Type of Wound
Healing Mechanism Sutured Open Partial-
(Primary (Secondary Thickness
Intention) intention)
Contraction 0 +++ 0
Epithelialization + + +++
Connective tissue deposition +++ ++ 0