Brelata, Raffy

Pastidio, Julie Ann

Rabadon, John Clyde
Categories of wind turbine
Wind Turbine Blade

• The blade figure plays a big role in a wind turbine as it increases

or decreases the efficiency of the turbine and twisting it will
theoretically increase its harvested wind.
• The blades of a wind turbine are shaped similar to an airplane
wing, with one side (rear) much more curved than the other
(front). With a wing, air flows fastest over the top which reduces
the pressure and causes the lift needed for the aircraft to fly.
• The rotor blades on a wind turbine catch the kinetic energy in the
wind and transfer it via a rotor shaft to the generator. The wing
blades can be rotated and adjusted to the wind direction and
strength, for maximum utilization of energy.
Twisted Blade
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• The efficiency of standard wind turbine drops as the low wind

speed velocity passes through the blade.
• The exploitation of small horizontal axis wind turbines provides a
clean, prospective and viable option for enhancement of energy
supply. To reduce the risk in wind turbine development and
improve the performance of the wind turbine systems, a better
understanding of how these devices interacting with the
environment/ winds is indispensable. This can be achieved via
scaled-model laboratory experiments, full-scale field testing, or
through numerical modelling. It is clear that the advantages of
numerical modelling are lower cost, lower risk and rapid design
cycle, although it needs to be validated against measurements.
Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of SD
7032 airfoil, to aerodynamically design, optimize twist angle
distribution and pitch angle using CFD to produce more power. But
before that, the following issues were considered:
• Study the effect of twist and pitch on the performance of a small-
scale HAWT.
• Study the effect of external forces for power generation.
• The angle of attack to be considered for twist distributions.
• The equipment and location used for this study.
Significance of the Study

• This study aims to expand the knowledge of St. Peter’s

College students specifically the Mechanical Engineering
students in the area of Wind Power Technology sharing
thru community extension services which the department
is currently limited and inadequate and further more it can
be used as a reference to innovate the recent
technologies for generating wind power
Scope and Limitation

The blade design is limited to the blade geometry and

fabrication is limited to available resources (equipment and
instruments) and experiment shall be done at SPC
Mechanical Shop.
The blade design is based on untwisted blade SD7032
only and will be modified into a twisted blade.
This study focuses on the right angle of attack, blade
design, and the twisted blade will be compared to the 2
base blades that were fabricated in FABLAB located at
MSU-IIT.
Blade Element Theory

• The Betz law explains that some of the wind needs to

move through the turbine blades in order to make room
for the next amount of wind coming in. If 100% of the
power would be harnessed, no more could be contained
and converted. Betz scientifically calculated that only 59%
of the power in the wind can be successfully captured and
converted. This means that just over half of the power
available to us is being converted and is available for use.
Betz's law calculates the maximum power that can be
extracted from the wind, independent of the design of a
wind turbine in open flow
 SD 7032 airfoil

• SD7032 is an asymmetric, low

Reynolds number airfoil with a
maximum thickness of 10% and a
maximum camber of 3.4% at 26.6%
and 45.1% chord length respectively,
measured from the leading edge. The
profile of the Selig/Donovan, SD7032
airfoil with the points of maximum
relative thickness and maximum
camber.
Theoretical Framework
• Local tip-speed ratio for the ith
blade:
• Tip-speed: λr,i=λ(ri/R)
 2r 
Ω =  60 
N • Optimum relative wind angle for the
ith blade:

• Tip-speed ratio: θ=
2
(tan-11/ λr,i)
 3

u
for power input: • twist distribution:
1 Φi= θopt,i-α
P= ρA(ΔV3)
2
METHODOLOGY

The present work was performed in the following steps:

• Selection of airfoil to be modified
• Design of the model using CFD (Solidworks)
• Fabrication of blades
• Performing the wind tunnel experiments
• Data Analysis
Conceptual Design

• The selection of airfoil is determined through the use of

Solidworks simulation. SD7032 airfoil is simulated from 4°
to 10°to get the best angle of attack with a different wind
velocity. From the simulation results, the highest lift-to drag
ratio (Cl/Cd) is chosen and used to get the optimum
relative wind angle to be used in designing the twist
distributions along the sectioning of the blade through the
use of equations stated from chapter 1.
simulation results

Wind 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10°
speed

4.5 m/s 5.57 5.55 6.5 5.89 5.949 6.231 6.242

5 m/s 5.69 5.65 6.62 5.88 6.02 5.75 6.23

6 m/s 5.590 5.971 6.495 5.746 5.874 5.609 6.158

Blade sectioning

ri ri/R  r,i θi a Fi
0.03 0.1 3.768 0.3768 46.23 6° 40.23
0.06 0.2 3.768 0.7536 25.33 6° 29.33
0.09 0.3 3.768 1.1304 27.66 6° 21.66
0.12 0.4 3.768 1.8072 22.37 6° 16.37
0.15 0.5 3.768 1.884 18.63 6° 12.63
0.18 0.6 3.768 2.2608 15.9 6° 9.9
0.21 0.7 3.768 2.6376 13.84 6° 7.84
0.24 0.8 3.768 3.0144 12.23 6° 6.23
0.27 0.9 3.768 3.3912 10.95 6° 4.95
0.30 1 3.768 3.768 9.9 6° 3.9
0.33 1.2 3.768 4.5216 8.31 6° 2.31
calculations :

• N=450RPM
30
r1   0.1
300

• U= 4.5m/s (wind speed)

2r  450 
N  2  .360
60  60 
  16 .964 m / s
Blade design
Solidworks design of twisted SD7032
CONSTRUCTION

The blades are fabricated at FABLAB, with

length of 300mm, then after fabricating it is
set-up in the wind tunnel at SPC Machine
shop with the use of industrial fan as
source of the wind.
Actual set-up
schematic flow

DATA ANALYSIS
Data gathering
V1 (m/s) V2 (m/s) V3 (m/s)

Tip Middle Root Tip Middle Root Tip Middle Root

2.5 4.3 4.2 3.4 4.6 4.5 3.3 4.5 5

The velocity used for initial velocity is chosen from the highest value at each
speed.
Test results of Twisted SD7032, Flat blade and Twisted flat blade
PITCH SPEED Pout Pin RPM VOLTAGE AMPERE Vin Vout EFFICIENCY
V1 6.3 16.97 408.67 12.13 0.58 4.3 1.8 37.11
-5° V2 8.8 19.97 442 12.29 0.67 4.6 2.2 44.05
V3 9.8 24.26 448 12.19 0.78 5 2.7 40.38
V1 8.3 16.97 416.67 12.16 0.54 4.3 1.8 48.89
-2.5° V2 9.8 19.62 445.33 12.49 0.77 4.6 2.3 49.93
V3 10.5 25.61 447.33 12.47 0.88 5 2.4 40.98
V1 9 16.18 437.33 12.13 0.71 4.3 2.1 55.60
0° V2 10.1 18.37 464.7 12.6 0.81 4.6 2.6 54.95
V3 10.5 21.25 481.67 12.15 0.86 5 3.2 49.40
V1 7.2 14.27 417.33 12.18 0.58 4.3 2.6 50.45
2.5° V2 9.1 17.37 440.66 12.54 0.77 4.6 2.8 52.38
V3 10.5 21.93 444.67 12.21 0.86 5 3.1 47.86
V1 6.1 13.78 410.67 12.27 0.52 4.3 2.7 44.25
5° V2 8.9 17.37 412.33 12.36 0.64 4.6 2.8 51.23
V3 10.4 20.52 431.93 12.47 0.84 5 3.3 50.67
 V1 6.1 13.78 410.67 12.27 0.52 4.3 2.7 44.25
5° V2 8.9 17.37 412.33 12.36 0.64 4.6 2.8 51.23
V3 10.4 20.52 431.93 12.47 0.84 5 3.3 50.67
V1 5.3 12.70 396.67 12.29 0.46 4.3 2.9 41.73
7.5° V2 7.1 14.87 404.33 12.3 0.59 4.6 3.2 47.72
V3 9.8 20.52 451.67 12.38 0.76 5 3.3 47.75
V1 4.4 11.45 402 12.13 0.35 4.3 3.1 38.40
10° V2 6.4 14.14 407 12.21 0.51 4.6 3.3 45.23
V3 8.4 18.92 432 12.22 0.67 5 3.5 44.38
V1 3.1 12.09 371.33 12.32 0.24 4.3 3 25.62
12.5
V2 4.5 14.14 385.67 12.19 0.37 4.6 3.3 31.80
°
V3 6.7 17.13 414 12.25 0.51 5 3.7 39.10
V1 1.6 6.64 378 12.26 0.11 4.3 3.7 24.06
15° V2 3 14.14 392.33 12.3 0.24 4.6 3.3 21.20
V3 4.9 17.13 397.33 12.19 0.43 5 3.7 28.60
 Flat blade results
PITCH SPEED Pout Pin RPM VOLTAGE AMPERE Vin Vout EFFICIENCY
V1 - - - - - - - -
10° V2 3.1 13.92 311.3 12.47 0.2 4.6 3.33 22.27
V3 3.7 21.73 359.6 13 0.29 5 3.13 17.02
V1 2.4 15.01 366.33 12.32 0.2 4.3 2.43 15.98
12.5° V2 3.1 16.98 391.67 12.25 0.26 4.6 2.87 18.25
V3 4.7 21.25 406 12.11 0.39 5 3.2 22.11
V1 1.4 16.18 416.53 13 0.09 4.3 2.1 8.65
15° V2 2.7 20.07 419.67 12.2 0.2 4.6 2.17 13.45
V3 3.8 24.61 420 13.45 0.29 5 2.63 15.44
V1 1.8 14.27 373.3 12.15 0.16 4.3 2.6 12.61
17.5° V2 3 18.04 383.6 12.28 0.24 4.6 2.67 16.62
V3 4 22.39 393.67 12.36 0.34 5 3.03 17.86
V1 0.2 14.58 321 12.13 0.02 4.3 2.53 1.37
20° V2 0.9 17.74 375.67 12.23 0.08 4.6 2.73 5.07
V3 1.7 21.94 380.33 13.36 0.13 5 3.1 7.75
 Twisted Flat blade
PITCH SPEED Pout Pin RPM VOLTAGE AMPERE Vin Vout EFFICIENCY
V1 3.1 16.48 364 12.53 0.25 4.3 2 18.81
0° V2 3.7 18.96 373 12.45 0.29 4.6 2.47 19.52
V3 4.8 25.61 422 12.42 0.39 5 2.4 18.73
V1 4.1 14.85 342.67 12.01 0.04 4.3 2.47 27.61
2.5° V2 4.9 18.83 350 12.15 0.12 4.6 2.5 26.02
V3 5.8 22.58 399.67 12.57 0.13 5 3 25.68
V1 3.1 15.52 401.1 12.48 0.25 4.3 2.3 19.98
5° V2 4.1 19.62 426.27 12.04 0.33 4.6 2.3 20.89
V3 5.4 23.35 439.1 12.45 0.45 5 2.87 23.12
V1 3.5 14.72 391.33 12.28 0.39 4.3 2.5 23.78
7.5° V2 4.8 19.24 401 12.33 0.39 4.6 2.4 24.94
V3 5.6 24.26 418 12.11 0.47 5 2.7 23.07
 V1 2.6 15.41 394.33 12.12 0.23 4.3 2.33 16.88
10° V2 2.6 18.52 407 12.54 0.3 4.6 2.57 14.04
V3 5.1 23.18 420 12.86 0.41 5 2.9 21.99
V1 2.2 14.13 358.33 12.22 0.18 4.3 2.63 15.57
12.5
V2 3.2 18.52 394.33 12.1 0.27 4.6 2.57 17.28
°
V3 4.9 21.25 398.33 12.06 0.41 5 3.2 23.05
V1 0.8 12.87 342 12 0.07 4.3 2.87 6.21
15° V2 1.3 16.81 352.13 12.49 0.11 4.6 2.9 7.73
V3 2.3 22.58 358 13.15 0.18 5 3 10.18
Results from testing is shown at section 4.1
To solve for Power input: efficieny= Pout x 100
1 Pin
P= ρA(ΔV3)
2

where:
101
ρ=
.287(30  273)

ρ=1.16
Power output vs pitch angle (Graph comparison)
Efficiency vs pitch angle (Graph comparison)
Conclusion

• The results gathered from actual experimental testing as

shown in table 4.1.1, table 4.1.2, and table 4.1.3 shows
that a normal flat blade has the lowest performance and
when it is modified into a twisted blade the aerodynamic
performance is improved, but with a modified airfoil blade,
its over-all performance improves a lot. The blade
sectioning for twist distribution also affect the
aerodynamic performance of the blade.
Recommendations

• For future study, it is much better to start simulating as early as

possible.
• In actual testing, it is highly recommended to test at night to have
stable wind.
• They can use another modification of twisting, through varying the
blade sectioning.
• The wind source should not overlap as it result to a turbulent
reaction which tends to lower the performance of the wind turbine.
• The testing area, equipment and instruments should be improve
to have an accurate result.