MOTIVATIONAL MESSAGE

“IT DOES’NT MATTER

HOW SLOWLY YOU GO,
AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT
STOP. KEEP GOING UNTIL
YOU MAKE IT HAPPEN.”
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE
ABLE TO:

 Define auxiliary generators,

emergency generators and shaft
generator.
 Differentiate auxiliary
generators, emergency
generators and shaft generator.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Define fuse and

circuit breaker.
 Differentiate fuse
and circuit breaker.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Define lead acid battery

and alkaline battery.
 Differentiate lead acid
battery and alkaline
battery.
 GENERATORS
Consisting of prime mover
and alternator. Main switch
board which is a metal
enclosure taking power from
the diesel generator and
supplying it to different
machinery.
 EMERGENCY GENERATORS
It is a small separate
generator which supplies the
electric power for emergency
load in the event of main
power supply failure. It is
located outside the main and
auxiliary machinery space.
 SHAFT GENERATORS
The shaft generator on a ship is
an excellent example of a waste
heat recovery system, which not
only utilizes the waste energy
from the engine but also
supplies the additional work to
the propeller shaft.
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
-A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage
caused by overcurrent.
- Its basic function is to interrupt
current flow after a fault is
detected.
 FUSE
 is an electrical safety device that
operates to provide overcurrent
protection of an electrical circuit.

- Its essential component is a metal

wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows through it,
thereby interrupting the current.
 FUSE
- It is a sacrificial device;
once a fuse has operated
it is an open circuit, and
it must be replaced or
rewired, depending on
type.
 BATTERIES
- Batteries can be an excellent tool
for storing electricity and can also
be used as a alternate source for
power.
- Used on almost all the ships,
batteries are often used as
instantly available energy supply
source.
 TYPES OF BATTERIES
1. LEAD ACID BATTERY
- used on board a ship consists
of a series of cells, with each
cell containing a lead peroxide
positive plate and a lead
negative plate immersed in a
dilute sulphuric acid solution.
 TYPES OF BATTERIES
2. ALKALINE BATTERY
- used on board a ship consists
of a series of cells, with each
cell containing a lead peroxide
positive plate and a lead
negative plate immersed in a
dilute sulphuric acid solution.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Define active fin stabilizers

and fixed fin stabilizers.
 Differentiate active fin
stabilizers and fixed fin
stabilizers.
 TYPES OF STABILIZERS
1. Active fins stabilizers
- are controlled by a
gyroscopic control system.
When the gyroscope senses
the ship roll, it changes the
fins' angle of attack to exert
force to counteract the roll.
 TYPES OF STABILIZERS
2. Fixed fins stabilizers
Do not move; they reduce
roll by hydrodynamic drag
exerted when the ship
rolls. Stabilizers are mostly
used on ocean-going ships.
 COMPERSION
IS THE SECOND HAND
FEELING OF HAPPINESS
YOU GET WHEN YOU
SEE SOMEONE ELSE
HAPPY.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Explain the principle

operation of sewage
treatment plant and
identify its components.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Enumerate sources of
blackwater and
greywater.
 Define aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria.
 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Enumerate sources of
blackwater and
greywater.
 Define aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria.
 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
A sewage treatment plant
treats the sewage on a ship
and make it capable of
being discharged in the sea
 GREYWATER
Wastewater that comes from
sinks, washing machines,
and bathtubs. It contains a
lower level of contaminants
than blackwater and is
easier to treat and process.
 CATEGORIES OF SHIPS WASTEWATER
Grey Wastewater Sources
Sinks – from galley sinks and
sinks in crews cabins and toilets
Showers – from showers in
crews accommodation
Laundry – from washing clothes
 BLACKWATER
Wastewater from bathrooms
and toilets that contain fecal
matter and urine. Also called
sewage or brown water, it can
carry disease causing bacteria
that are harmful to man.
 CATEGORIES OF SHIPS WASTEWATER

Black Wastewater Source

Sewage – from crews
accommodation
Medical – from ships
hospital
 AEROBIC BACTERIA
 Require free oxygen to survive.

- Break down the organic matter

to produce safe products such as
carbon dioxide and energy to
synthesize new bacteria.
 ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
 Multiply in the absence of free
oxygen as they utilize chemically
bound oxygen to survive.
 Anaerobic bacteria break down
the organic matter into methane,
hydrogen sulphide and ammonia.
 Coliform Count
 Coliform is a type of organism
which is present in human
intestine and is recognized as
indicator organisms of sewage
pollution.
 Coliform Count
 The number of coliform
organisms present in sewage
on ship is very large, with each
person contributing around
125 billion in winters and 400
billion in summer.
 Coliform Count
 IMO recommends fecal
coliform count of less than 250
faecal/100 ml. of affluent after
treatment.
CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
PRIMARY CHAMBER
- Where fresh sewage from
accommodation is stored and
processed.
CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
AERATION CHAMBER
 This chamber is fed with raw
sewage which has been grinded
to form small particles.
CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
AERATION CHAMBER
- The advantage of breaking
sewage in small particles is that
it increases the area and a high
number of bacteria can attack
simultaneously to decompose
the sewage.
 CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
AERATION CHAMBER
- The sewage is decomposed into
carbon dioxide, water, and
inorganic sewage. The air is
forced through the diffuser into
the air chamber.
 CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
SETTLING CHAMBER
- The mixture of liquid and
sludge is passed to settling tank
from the aeration chamber. In
the settling tank, the sludge
settles at the bottom and clear
liquid on the top.
 CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
SETTLING CHAMBER
- The sludge present at the
bottom is not allowed to be kept
inside the settling tank as this
will lead to the growth of
anaerobic bacteria and foul
gasses will be produced.
CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
SETTLING CHAMBER
- The sludge formed is recycled
with the incoming sludge where
it will mix with the later and
assist in the breakdown of
sewage.
 CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
COLLECTION and CHLORINATION
CHAMBER
- In this chamber, the clear liquid
produced from the settling tank is
overflown and the liquid is disinfected
with the help of chlorine. This is done
because of the presence of the e-Coli
bacteria present in the liquid.
CHAMBERS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
COLLECTION and CHLORINATION
CHAMBER
- To reduce these bacteria to
acceptable level chlorination is
done. The collected liquid is
discharged to overboard or settling
tank depending on the geological
position of the ship.
 DISCHARGE CONDITIONS FOR SEWAGE COMING FROM SHIPS
SEA AREA DISCHARGE RULES
Within 4 No discharge from approved sewage treatment plant certified to meet
nautical miles the regulation.
from land
Between 4 to 12 No discharge except:
nautical miles a. approved sewage treatment plant certified to meet the
from land regulation.
b. an approved system from comminuting and disinfecting sewage
regulations.

More than 12 Discharge from above or sewage which is not comminuted or

nautical miles disinfected when ship is proceeding at not less than 4 knots and the
from land rate of discharge is approved by the administration.
a. the ship is proceeding en route
b. The speed is not less than 4 knots
c. the rate of discharge is moderate (meaning not instantaneous)
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 OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER THE
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

 Define oily water

separator and
explain its principle
operation.
 OILY WATER SEPARATOR
It is used to separate oil
and water mixtures into
their separate
components.
 OILY WATER SEPARATOR
(Oily Water Separator) be
fitted so as to ensure that
the oil content of any
discharge does not exceed
the maximum permitted
under MARPOL (15ppm).
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