GENETIC

S
Modification to Mendel’s Classic
Ratios
Multiple alleles
There are more than two types
of alleles, and the relationship of
each allele with respect to
others will determine the
number of phenotypes that may
be expressed.
Example: There are four different
types of alleles in rabbits: C (Agouti),
Cch (Chinchilla), Ch (Himalayan), and c
(Albino), with the following dominance
hierarchy:
C> C ch > Ch > c
The following genotypes will have the
corresponding phenotypes in coat color:

i. CC – Agouti
ii. CCch – Agouti
iii. CCh – Agouti
iv. Cc – Agouti
v. CchCch – Chinchilla
vi. CchCh – Chinchilla
vii. Cchc – Chinchilla
viii.ChCh – Himalayan
ix. Chc – Himalayan
x. cc – Albino
Cross between Cc and Chc will
result in
50% Agouti ( CCh ,Cc)
25% Himalayan (Chc )
25 Albino (Cc)
Seat work
In guinea pigs, coat color is governed by
four alleles that constitute a multiple
allelic series, C (black), cS (sepia), cC
(cream), and c (albino) with the following
dominance hierarchy:
C> cS > cC>c.

1. Cc x CcS
2. CcS x cCc
3. cCc x cSc
4. cScS x c Cc
5. cc x cSc
Co- dominance: Cattle coat
Seat work
In cattle, coat color is inherited in a co-
dominant fashion. Homozygous B1B1
produces black coat, homozygous B2B2
produces white coat, and the
heterozygous B1B2 produces roan coat.
Give the phenotypic ratio of the
offspring of the following crosses:
a. B1B1 x B1B1
b. B1B1 x B2B2
c. B1B2 x B1B2
d. B1B1 x B1B2
e. B1B2 x B2B2  
Sex linked trait- The
gene (pair) that determines
a character (e.g.
hemophilia) is located on
the sex chromosomes
X-linked trait
- A sex-linked trait is where the
gene or allele for the trait is found
on the X chromosome

Y-linked trait
- A sex-linked trait where the
gene or allele for the trait is found
on the Y chromosome
Color Blindness In Humans: An X-Linked Trait
Numbers That You Should See If You Are In One Of The Following
Four Categories: [Some Letter Choices Show No Visible Numbers]

Sex-Linked Traits:

1. Normal Color Vision:

A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26
2. Red-Green Color-Blind:
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --
3. Red Color-blind:
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6
4. Green Color-Blind:
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2
Hypertrichosis
pinnae auris
A Y-linked trait where
affected males have hair
growing from their
external ears
Sex-influenced trait
Any trait in a diploid
organism whose expression
is affected by an individual’s
biological sex; a trait that
occurs at a higher frequency
in one sex over the other
Pattern Baldness In Humans: A Sex
Influenced Trait
Baldness is an autosomal trait and is
apparently influenced by sex
hormones after people reach 30 years
of age or older.
In men the gene is dominant, while in
women it is recessive. A man needs
only one allele (B) for the baldness
trait to be expressed, while a bald
woman must be homozygous for the
trait (BB).
Sex-limited trait
Any trait in a diploid
organism whose expression
is limited to just one
biological sex
Functional mammary
glands as an
example of a sex
limited trait. Only
females can express
functional
mammary glands
that produce milk
immediately after
giving birth.
 Activity
A. Search one interesting news related to
Genetics. You can search visit the
following sites:
 http://www.livescience.com/topics/dna-genes
 https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_an
imals/genetics/
 http://medicalxpress.com/genetics-news/

B. Summarize the article into 9-10 sentences.

Write also the your reactions/ learnings and
related to the article.