Multi Dimension Steady-State Heat

Conduction
GROUP : 3
1. SIDRATUL NUGRAHA 04211640000001
2. HIBATUL WAFI 04211640000068
3. TATYANA IBRAHIM 04211640000
4. ABDII SAUQI AKRAM 04211640000
 Heat Conduction

Heat conduction, also known as thermal conduction, is one of

the three modes of heat transfer - the others are convection and
radiation.
Conduction of thermal energy takes place when local interactions
between atoms and molecules and electrons pass kinetic energy from
particle to particle. (There is no net movement of particles in a flow
of thermal energy or heat).
In general, thermal conductivity is greatest in solids, then liquids,
then gases
STEADY-State

Steady state in any field means that the properties being measured do not
change with time. The system has finished evolving, and now the
properties, when measured at a point, do not change with time, whereas
the they may or may not change with location. So
if there was a property ‘m’, then if the system is in steady state, it is:
∂m/∂t = 0 where ‘t’ is time
If a system is in steady state, then one can safely assume the measured
property at a point to be constant, and can use that value at any given
time for that point as it will not vary with time. Now coming to heat
transfer, we are interested in the transfer of heat and consequently the
temperature profiles of the system under consideration.

GAMBAR
Energy flow may simultaneously be happening into and out of
the system depending on the setup. Eventually, a stage is
reached when the energy flowing in and the energy flowing out
balance and become equal. Once this happens, the temperature
profile stops changing and becomes fixed. At this stage, the
system is aid to have reached a steady state. Consider the
general form of the three dimensional conduction equation:
 Multi dimension conduction

In general the properties of any physical system may depend

on both location (x, y, z) and time (τ). The inclusion of two or
more independent variables results in a partial differential
equation. The multidimensional heat diffusion equation in a
Cartesiancoordinate system can be written as:
For 2D, steady state (∂/∂t = 0) and without heat
generation, the above equation reduces to:
To solve multi-dimensional heat transfer
problems, basically, there are 3 methods

1. Analytical methods
2. Graphical methods
3. Numerical methods
 Analytical methods
the three sides of the plate
are at a constant temperature of
𝑇_1, while the upper side has
some sort of temperature
distribution. this distribution can
be a fixed temperature, but it
can also be something more
complicated, such as sinewave
distribution.
To solve equation (1.1) we use the separation-of-variables method. The key to
this method is that the differential equations can be considered to have
multiplication form

𝑇 = 𝑋𝑌 Where 𝑋 = 𝑋 (𝑥)
𝑌 = 𝑌 (𝑦) (2.2)

By substituting equation (2.2) into equation (1.1) we can

1 𝑑2𝑋 1 𝑑2𝑌
− =
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑌 𝑑𝑦 2
Using these constants, we get two differential equations.
𝑑2𝑋
+ 𝜆2 𝑋 = 0 (2.5)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑌
− 𝜆2 𝑌 = 0 (2.6)
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑛𝜋
𝜆=
𝑊
Final completion

𝜋𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 Sinh 𝜋𝑦Τ𝑊 sin( 𝑊 ) + 𝑇1
sinh 𝜋𝐻Τ𝑊

The temperature field for this problem as shown in Figure 2 shows that the
flow lines of the heat are perpendicular to the isotherm.

𝑇−𝑇1 2 ∞ (−1)𝑛+1 +1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sinh 𝜋𝑦Τ𝑊

= σ𝑛=1 sin (2.18)
𝑇2− 𝑇1 𝜋 𝑛 𝑊 sinh 𝜋𝐻Τ𝑊
 Graphical methods

for two dimensional problems

with isothermal and adiabatic
boundaries. This is an
approximate method.
Heat and isoterm flow lines form these curvilinear curvature bundles given by
the fourier law, presuming one unit of material depth:

δ𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘 ∆𝑥 1
δ𝑦

This heat flow is the same for all parts of the heat-flow path, and the total heat
flow is the sum of the heat flow in all paths. If this material is made in such a
way that Δ𝑥 = Δ𝑦, then the heat flow will be proportional to Δ𝑇 across the
element. Furthermore, since the heat flow must remain constant, then Δ𝑇
across each element must also be equal in the same heat-flow path. Thus, Δ𝑇
across elements is given by:

Δ𝑇 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑢ℎ
∆𝑇 =
N
Because it does not depend on the dimensions of Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑎𝑛
Δ𝑦, if both are made equal. Thus, total heat transfer can
be written

𝑀 𝑀
𝑞= K ∆𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑢ℎ = k (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑁 𝑁
 Shape factors

In a two-dimensional system, where involved only two

temperature limits, we can define the conduction factor factor S
so that

𝑞 = 𝑘𝑆 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑢ℎ

Remember that hyperbolic cosine inversion can be calculated

from

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛 (𝑥 ± 𝑥 2 − 1)
If all the dimensions are in greater than a fifth the thickness
of the wall, then

𝐴
𝑆𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑖 = 0,54 𝐷 𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑡 = 0,15 𝐿
𝐿

Where
A = wall area
L = wall thickness
D = edge length
Tabel shape factor conduction
Example 1
A horizontal pipe, a diameter of 15 cm and a length of 4 m, is immersed in the
soil at a depth of 20 cm. The wall temperature of the pipe is 75 ℃, and the
ground surface temperature is 5 ℃. Suppose the thermal conductivity of
ground is 0.8 W / m. ℃, Calculate the heat that is loose from the pipe.
Resolution:
The form factor for this situation can be calculated using the equations in the table 1
list. Since D <𝑟, then

2𝜋𝐿 2𝜋(4)
S= = = 15,35 𝑚
cosh−1 (𝐷/𝑟) cosh−1 (20/7,5)

The heat flow is calculated from:

𝑞 = 𝑘𝑆 ∆𝑇 = (0,8) (15,35) (75-5) = 859,6 W [2933 btu/h]

 Numerical methods

Numerical methods have taken over

other methods because of availability of
high speed computers and the ability to
analyze complex shapes and deal with
complicated boundary conditions.

For an analytical solution to the heat

transfer problems the most successful
approach is based on the finite-difference
technique.
Gradients or temperature gradients can be written as follows:

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
−
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑦 1
𝑚+2,𝑛
𝜕𝑦 1
𝑚−2,𝑛 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛
≈ =
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑚,𝑛
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 2

So the finite-approximation approximation for equation 1.1 becomes

𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛 𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛

+ =0
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
If Δ𝑥 = Δ𝑦, then

𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 =

We can also construct infinite paths that calculate the generation

of heat. We just add the 𝑞/k terms into the general equation so that
it gets:

𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 − 2𝑇𝑚,𝑛 𝑞

2
+ 2
+ =0
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 𝑘
Then for the square grid where Δ𝑥 = Δ𝑦.

𝑞 ∆𝑥 2
𝑇𝑚+1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚−1,𝑛 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑛−1 + − 4𝑇𝑚,𝑛 = 0
𝑘
Example :

T = 500 0C
Determine :
a. Temperature
Distribution
1 2 b. Hot Flow Rate
T = 100 0C T = 100 0C
3 4

T = 100 0C
Temperature distribution:
T2 + 100 + 500 + T3 - 4T1 = 0
100 + T1 + 500 + T4 - 4T2 = 0
T4 + 100 + T1 + 100 - 4T3 = 0
100 + T3 + T2 + 100 - 4T4 = 0

Or:

600 + T2 + T3 - 4T1 = 0 ............. (1)

600 + T1 + T4 - 4T2 = 0 ............. (2)
200 + T1 + T4 - 4T3 = 0 ............. (3)
200 + T3 + T2 - 4T4 = 0 ............. (4)

Where :

T1 = T2
T3 = T4
From Equation (1)
600 + T2 + T3 - 4T1 = 0
600 + T1 + T3 - 4T1 = 0
600 + T3 - 3T1 = 0 ................... (5)

From Equation (3)

200 + T1 + T4 - 4T3 = 0
200 + T1 + T3 - 4T3 = 0
200 + T1 - 3T3 = 0 .................. (6)

Then from equations (5) and (6)

 600 + T3 – 3T1 = 0 600 + T3 – 3T1 = 0

200 + T1 – 3T3 = 0 600 + 3T1 – 9T3 = 0

1200 – 8T3 = 0
8T3 = 1200
T3 = 150 0C

Substitution to equation (5) or (6)

600 + T3 – 3T1 = 0
600 + 150 – 3T1 = 0
750 = 3T1
T1 = 250 0C
Maka :

T1 = T2 = 250 0C
T3 = T4 = 150 0C
Hot Flow Rate

T
q    k .x.
y
For surface 500 0C
 Q = -∑k(Δx/Δy)[250 - 500] +[250 - 500] = - k (-500) = 500 k

Untuk Permukaan 100 0C

 Q = -∑k(Δx/Δy)[250 – 100] + [150 – 100] + [150 – 100] + [150 – 100] + [150 –
100] + [250 – 100] = - 500 k