Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SECTION 4.3
RIEMANN SUMS AND DEFINITE
INTEGRALS
Riemann Sum
1. Partition the interval [a,b] into n subintervals
a = x0 < x1 … < xn-1< xn = b
• Call this partition P
• The kth subinterval is xk = xk-1 – xk
• Largest xk is called the norm, called || ||
• If all subintervals are of equal length, the norm is
called regular.
2. Choose an arbitrary value from each
subinterval, call it ci
Riemann Sum
3. Form the sum
n
Rn f (c1 )x1 f (c2 )x2 ... f (cn )xn f (ci )xi
i 1
y = f (x)
Calculated 4.1
4.2
9.92
10.88
0.992
1.088
4.3 11.88 1.188
• Consider the function 4.4 12.92 1.292
4.5 14 1.4
2x2 – 7x + 5 4.6 15.12 1.512
4.7 16.28 1.628
• Use x = 0.1 4.8 17.48 1.748
4.9 18.72 1.872
5 20 2
5.1 21.32 2.132
f (c )x
i 1
i i 40.04
n
f (ci )xi
i 1
n
lim f ( ci )xi L
0 i 1
The Definite Integral
n
lim f ci xi
b
I f ( x)dx
a 0
k 1
• The definite integral is the limit of the
Riemann sum
• We say that f is integrable when
– the number I can be approximated as accurate
as needed by making || || sufficiently small
– f must exist on [a,b] and the Riemann sum must
exist
– 0 is the same as saying n
Notation for the definite integral
upper limit of integration
f x dx
Integration b
Symbol
a
integrand
variable of integration
lower limit of integration
Important for AP test [ and mine too !! ]
5 ba
1. x x dx
n n
5i
2. a=0 b 5 since a ix =
n
5i
3. x =
n
5
4. Thus
0
( 3 x 2 ) dx
Recognizing a Riemann Sum as a Definite integral
[5c
2
lim i
3 ci ] xi over [ 1,4 ]
0
i 1
4
answer: 1
(5 x 2 3x ) dx
x x dx
10
3
4 2
10-3 7
1. a 3 b 10 so x=
n n
7i
2. a ix 3
n
2
n
7i
3. Thus lim 4 (3 ) ( 3 )
7i 7
n
n
n n
i 1
Theorem 4.4 Continuity Implies
Integrability
Relationship between Differentiability, Continuity, and
Integrability
I D C
c cn
n
n(n 1)
1
k 2
1
i x
ba
ci = a + x
n
n
3xdx lim f (ci ) x i
4
2 n
i 1
n
6 6
lim 3( 2 i )
n
c cn
n n n 1
i 1
n
n(n 1)
18 n 6 k
lim
n n
i 1
( 2 i )
n
1 2
ci = a + i x
18 6 n(n 1)
lim [ 2n ( )] x
ba
n n n 2 n
1
lim[ 36 54(1 )]
n n
36 54 18
EXAMPLE Evaluate the definite integral by the limit
definition
n
5i 5
lim f ( ci )xi L ci 1
6
0i 1 n
x
n 1
x dx
n
n
5i 5
n
5i 5 5 25i
f 1 n n 1 2
i 1 i 1 n n i 1 n n
1 n 25 n
5 2 i
n i 1 n i 1
Evaluate the definite integral by the
limit definition, continued
n b
lim f ( ci )xi L
6
1
x dx
0 i 1
L f ( x )dx
a
1 n 25 n 1 25 n( n 1)
5 2 i 5n 2
n i 1 n i 1 n n 2
25 ( n 1) 25 25 25
5 5 n 1 5
n 2 2n 2 2n
6 25 25 35
1
x dx lim 5
n
2 2n
2
b
a
f ( x)dx
The Definite integral above represents the Area
of the region under the curve y = f ( x) ,
bounded by the x-axis, and the vertical lines
x = a, and x = b
y y = f ( x)
a b
Theorem 4.4 Continuity Implies
Integrability
Relationship between Differentiability, Continuity, and
Integrability
I D C
Y= x
y
x
0 3
2 3
9 1 9
A 33
x
A
2 0
2 2 2
a
a 1
2
x 2
dx a 2
-a 2
-a a
a
1. a
f ( x )dx 0
b a
2. f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a b
EXAMPLE
2
1.
2
( x 5) dx 0
0 3 9
2. 3 xdx 0 xdx
2
Additive property of integrals
a c b
More Properties of Integrals
b b b
2. [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x)dx
a a
g ( x)dx
a
EXAMPLE
2 7 2 3
Given
1
x dx
2
3 1 xdx 2
2
Solve: 1
3( x 2 x )dx
2 2
3 x dx + 3 xdx
2
1 1
7 3 9 23
3( ) + 3( ) 7
3 2 2 2
Even – Odd Property of Integrals
END
Example 2:
Rules for definite integrals
Evaluate the using the following values:
x 2 dx
3
2
4 4 4
dx 2 dx
3 3
x 2 dx x
2 2 2
4 4 4
x 2 dx x dx 2 dx
3 3
= 60 + 2(2) = 64
2 2 2
Using the TI 83/84 to check
your answers
Find the area undery 3 x
on [1,5]
• Graph f(x)
1. f x 4 2. f x x 1
6 6
4 4
2 2
5 5
Use the limit definition to find
3
2
3x dx
1
Set up a Definite Integral for finding the area of the shaded
region. Then use geometry to find the area.
1. f x 4 2. f x x 1
6 6
4 4
2 2
5 5
5 6
A 4 dx A x 1 dx
1 2
4 4 3 4 21 4 4
rectangle triangle
16 un2 20 un 2