Bab 2 Ecosystem (Eng)

Cikgu yus
2018
Chapter 2
ECOSYSTEM
Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Translated by : Cikgu Hamidah (SMJK. Pei Hwa, Tangkak)
Chapter 2 : ECOSYSTEM
Cikgu yus
2018
2.1 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

.
Green plants change solar energy (Sunlight) to chemical energy Cikgu yus
2018
through photosynthesis process.
What is photosynthesis process?
Photosyethesis is the process in which the green plants make
food in the presence of sunlight.
The chemical energy is transferred to primary consumers and
subsequently to secondary consumers and to tertiary consumers
through the food chain and food web.
Let’s dicuss the meaning of PRODUCER, CONSUMER and

DECOMPOSER …...

Chapter 2: ECOSYSTEM
Cikgu yus
2018
*PRODUCER
*CONSUMER
•PRIMARY
•SECONDARY
•TERTIARY
*DECOMPOSER

Chapter 2: ECOSYSTEM Cikgu yus
2018
PRODUCERS
Producers are organisms that can make their own
food. Most of the plants are producers

Translated by : Cikgu Hamidah (SMJK. Pei Hwa,
Tangkak)
Chapter 2: EKOSISTEM
SECONDARY CONSUMER
Carnivore or omnivore animal that
eats primary consumers
PRIMARY CONSUMER
Herbivore or omnivore animal that eats
producers
TERTIARY CONSUMER
Animal that eat secondary consumers. The size of tertiary
consumers usually bigger than primary consumers and
secondary consumers.
*DECOMPOSERS
Organism that decomposes dead plants and animals into
simpler substances or nutrients. This relation is known as
Saprofitism

Food Chain
Food Chain Cikgu yus

2018
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Producer
Consumer Consumer Consumer
▪ Organism that is ▪ Herbivore that ▪ Carnivore or ▪ Carnivore that
able to make own eats plants omnivore animal eats secondary
food through ▪ Example : that eats primary consumers.
photosynthesis rat, consumers
▪ Example :
▪ Example : Plants grasshopper ▪ Example :
eagle, tiger
snake, bird
Decomposers
▪ Organism that decomposes

dead plants and animals into
simpler substances or
nutrients.
▪ Example : bacteria, fungi
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EXAMPLE OF
FOOD CHAINS
Identify the producer, primary consumer,

secondary consumer and tertiary consumer.
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Food Web
Food Web a combination of several food chains. Cikgu yus
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Tertiary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
Primary
Consumer
Producer

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EXAMPLE OF
FOOD WEB
Identify the producer, primary consumer,

secondary consumer, tertiary consumer dan
decomposers.
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EXERCISE : CONSTRUCT THE FOOD WEB

Food Web
• A pyramid of numbers is a diagram that shows the Cikgu yus
relative number of organisms at each level of a food 2018
Pyramid of chain.
Numbers
• When one population in a food web is missing or
decreases in number, it will affect the other
organisms. The food web become imbalanced too.
1 eagle
(Tertiary consumer)
50 birds
(Secondary consumer)
50 000 grasshoppers
(Primary consumer)
Plants
(Producer)

Energy flow in a food web and the pyramid of numbers
Energy flow
Energy flow Energy lost
Tertiary
consumer
Secondary
consumer
Primary consumer
Producer

Food Web

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2018
2.2 Nutrient Cycle in Ecosystem

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2018
In ecosystems, nutrients flow from the environment to the living

things and then back again to the environment. The continuous flow
of nutrients between the living things and the environment
constitutes a nutrient cycle that is very important to ensure the
availability of nurients for all living things.
Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Water cycle

Example of nutrient
cycle :
•Water cycle
•Carbon cycle
•Oxygen cycle
Carbon cycle
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Carbon Cycle and Oxygen Cycle

Steps to Overcome the Interferences in Nutrient Cycle.
Conservation of
Living Organisms
• Conservation refers to the wise use of natural resources with the

least disturbance to living things and their environment.

Human activities that

interfere the nutrient cycle.
• Deforestation
• Mining
• Construction
• Industrialisation
• Agriculture
• Combustion
• Overfishing
Effects to
Ecosystem
• Soil erosion
• Water pollution
Ways to overcome
• Reduce, Recycle and Reuse (3R)

Conservation of
Living
Organisms
• Step to conserve living organisms and their environment

Steps to Overcome the Interferences in Nutrient Cycle..
• Pollution • Forest
control management
Steps to overcome
• Use public
• Education
transport
• Natural resources • Enforcement of

management Law

Cikgu yus
2018
DO EXERCISE
Formatif exercise 2.1
&
Formative exercise 2.2

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2018
2.3 Interdependence and interaction among

Organisms and between Organisms and the
Environment.

2018
1.HABITAT
2.SPECIES
3.POPULATION
4.COMMUNITY
5.ECOSYSTEM

Interdependence and interaction among Organisms and between
Organisms and the Environment. Cikgu yus
2018
Introduction to Interpendence among Organisms
❖ Habitat is a place or environment where an

organism lives

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SPECIES 2018
• A group of organisms with same

common characteristics and able to
interbreed to produce offspring.
Example : monkey, cat and tiger.

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POPULATION 2018
• Population is a group of organisms of the same

species that live together in the same habitat.
Example : the population of cows at the field.

COMMUNITY Cikgu yus
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• Community is a few population of different

organisms that live together in the same habitat.
Examples of pond communities consist of fish
population, snail population and plant population
that are mutually dependent on each other.

ECOSYSTEM Cikgu yus
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• An ecosystem refers to the community of

organisms living in the same habitat, together
with the non-living environment (water, air,
sunlight, minerals and soil).
• Example of ecosystem, a tropical rainforests
ecosystem, a mangrove forests ecosystem, a
grasland ecosystem and a marine ecosystem.

Interdependence and interaction among Organisms and between
Organisms and the Environment. Cikgu yus
Species, Population dan Community 2018
Population
Species X
species X
A community
Species Y Population
species Y

❖ An ecosystem refers to the community of organisms
living in th same habitat, together with the non-living
environment.
❖ There are many species (animals and plants) living
together in the same habitat. Cikgu yus
A balanced
❖ The different population are interdependent on one 2018
ecosystem
another and with the non-living environment for survival.
❖ A balanced ecosystem provides living organism with all their daily
Sunlight needs such as food, nutrients, gases, water, shelter and mates.
food
(caterpillar)
food
Nutrients
(Ant)
Carbon
dioxide (plant) shelter
(bird)
water decompose
Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018 die

Adaptation of Animals and Plants towards Climate Cikgu yus
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Tropical Region Desert
Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018 Tundra

Cikgu yus
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Interaction Between Living Organisms

Interaction Between Cikgu yus
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Living Organisms
• Symbiosis • Prey-predator
• Competition

❖ Two or more organisms of different species live together

Symbiosis
❖ 3 main types
Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism
❖ A relationship between two ❖ An interaction ❖ A relationship between two

organisms in which one organism between two types of organisms in which
(the commensal) benefits from different organism one organism benefits while the
one another (the host) without that benefits both other is harmed
damaging the host. ❖ Example: ❖ Example: The tapeworm gets
❖ For example, the remora fish (the Rhizobium bacteria food and shelter from the
commensal) is often found gets home and human intestine. Humans lose
attached under a shark. plants get nitrate nutrients

❖ A predator is an animal that captures and eat
other animals
Prey-predator
❖ Example : snake (predator) and rat (prey)
• Organisms compete with each other for food,
light, water, shelter, mate or minerals.
Competition • to maintain the size of populations in an
ecosystem.

Cikgu yus
2018
Test
1
yourself
2 3 4 5
Question 1
The diagram below shows the ……….interaction
A. Prey-predator
B. Commensalism
C. Competition
D. Parasitism
Question 2
Here are symbiosis interactions,

except….
A. Commensalism
B. Parasitism
C. Mutualism
D. Competition
Question 3
Which of the following shows the interaction of
parasitism?
A. Frog eats fly
B. Tiger and deer
C. Tapeworm in human intestine

D. Fungi and algae
Question 4
Which of the following statements is true?
A Interaction is interdependence among living organism.
B The interaction between bees and flowers is the

interaction
of parasitism.
C Interaction occurs between living organisms only.
D Competition interaction exists between the staghorn

fern
and the hibiscus plant.
Biological control
Biological Cikgu yus

control 2018
Advantages Disadvantages
• Does not affect the health • A method of ● Takes a longer time
of humans. controlling a certain ● When a new species is
• The pest is not resistance population of introduced to an ecosytem
to the predator. organisms. for biological control, it
• Does not affect or kill • It makes use of the may upset the balance of
other organisms prey-predator that particular ecosystem
because the predator interaction ● Biological control may
feeds on specific prey cause a problem if the link
• Does not cause between the predator and
pollution the prey is not specific
• Cheap enough.

Factors that affect the size of the Cikgu yus
2018
populations in an ecosystem
The size of population in an ecosystem changes all the time. The

size of populations is affected by certain factors as below :
• Disease
• Presence of predators
• Source of food
• Change in weather

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Disease 2018
Populations of animals and plants decrease when there is an

outbreak of disease. For example, bird flu disease in poultry
farms and tobacco mosaic disease in tobacco fields.

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Presence of predators 2018
The size of a living organism population is affected by the size

of its predator population. For example, the size of the zebras
population in an area will decrease in the presence of its
predator such as lion.

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Source of food 2018
If the food upply decreases, the animals are threatened with

extinction. For examples, a population of panda depends on
bamboo trees as their source of food.

Translated by : Cikgu Hamidah (SMJK. Pei Hwa,
Cikgu yus
Change in weather 2018
Changes in weather like prolonged drought will cause the soil

to become dry. As a result, populations of plants and animals
will decrease

Cikgu yus
Changes in Ecosystem 2018
MIGRATION CHANGE IN THE SIZE OF

WATER SUPPLY POPULATON
Populations of animals may
Food webs will be affected The size of population can
change due to the migration
due to the population of decrease or increase due to
of animals from one place to
producers which need water the increase or decrease in
another as a result of
decreases. the number of organisms.
changing seasons.

2018
2.4 Role of Human in Maintaining the

Balance of Nature

Role of Human in Maintaining the
Balance of Nature Cikgu yus
Effect of human activities on the balance of nature 2018
Activity Effect
Deforestation ● the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will

increase, causes global warming
● natural habitats are destroyed
● animals become extinct
● soil erosion occurs
Industrialisation ● combustion causes air pollution and acid rain
Land overuse by intensive ● soil erosion and depletion of minerals in soil

farming ● excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides will cause water and
soil pollution
Poor solid waste management ● Rivers and lakes are often used as rubbish dumpsites, causes
soil, water and air pollution
Overfishing and overhunting ● Extinction of certain species of animals

● Decline in biological diversity
Role of Human in Maintaining the Cikgu yus
Balance of Nature 2018
Ways to overcome the effect of human activity on the

environment :
● Enforcement of laws
● Increase public awareness
● Practise 5R (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,
Repurpose)
● Using biological control methods
○ avoiding excessive use of pesticides
● Protecting habitats
○ set up forest reserves and animal sanctuaries
● Restoring damaged or destroyed habitats
○ convert them into recreation parks or botanical gardens
DEFORESTATION

INDUSTRIALISATION Cikgu yus
2018

OVERHUNTING Cikgu yus
2018
SUMMATIVE 2
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Bab 2 Ecosystem (Eng)

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Cikgu yus

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

2.1 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Let’s dicuss the meaning of PRODUCER, CONSUMER and

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Food Chain Cikgu yus

▪ Organism that decomposes

Identify the producer, primary consumer,

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Identify the producer, primary consumer,

EXERCISE : CONSTRUCT THE FOOD WEB

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

2.2 Nutrient Cycle in Ecosystem

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In ecosystems, nutrients flow from the environment to the living

Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Water cycle

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

• Conservation refers to the wise use of natural resources with the

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Human activities that

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

• Natural resources • Enforcement of

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

2.3 Interdependence and interaction among

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Introduction to Interpendence among Organisms

❖ Habitat is a place or environment where an

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

• A group of organisms with same

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

• Population is a group of organisms of the same

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• Community is a few population of different

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

• An ecosystem refers to the community of

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018 die

Tropical Region Desert

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018 Tundra

Interaction Between Living Organisms

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Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

❖ Two or more organisms of different species live together

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

❖ A relationship between two ❖ An interaction ❖ A relationship between two

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Sains Tingkatan 2 KSSM 2018

Here are symbiosis interactions,

A. Frog eats fly

B. Tiger and deer

C. Tapeworm in human intestine

A Interaction is interdependence among living organism.